苏教译林版八下英语语法总预习复习资料及练习学习.doc

|牛津八下英语语法总复习一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“ 未完成用法”1.现在完成时的“完成用法“ 现在完成时的“完成用法“ 指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况- 灯现在不亮了。)现在完成时“完成用法 “的特点是动作不延续 ，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语 (如：already，yet，before，recently 等)、频度时间状语( 如：never，ever，once 等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning month year.，today 等) 连用。例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？2.现在完成时的“未完成用法 “ 现在完成时的“未完成用法“ 指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从 1978 年以来，他一直住在这儿。( 动作起始于 1978 年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。 (动作开始于 5 年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由 since 或 for 引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far 到目前为止) 等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave ，join，become，die 等。(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：主语 have / has beenfor 短语 It is一段时间 since 从句 例如：He has been in the League for three years.或 It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词 表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。|终止性动词 也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等。4、延续性动词的用法特征1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示“段时间“ 的状语连用。表示“段时间“的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“点时间“ 状语连用。如： It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain 为延续性动词，而 at eight 表示“点时间 “，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助 come, begin, get 等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正) 又如：-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago. -Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right.5、终止性动词的用法特征1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：The train has arrived.火车到了。Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式) 。如：(1)他死了三年了。 误：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago.正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died.(2)他来这儿五天了。 误：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的 die、come 为终止性动词，不能与表示“段时间“ 的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。(2)将句中表示“段时间“的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。(3)用句型“It is+ 段时间+since.“表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。(4)用句型“时间+has passed+since.“表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。|3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.4.终止性动词的否定式与 until/till 连用，构成“not+终止性动词+until/till .“的句型，意为“直到才“。如： You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。5.终止性动词可以用于 when 引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于 while 引导的时间状语从句中。when 表示的时间是“点时间 “(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是 “段时间“( 从句谓语动词用延续性动词) 。而 while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach 为终止性动词 )Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away 为延续性动词短语)6.终止性动词完成时不可与 how long 连用(只限于肯定式)。如：误：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here?正：When did you come here?二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在 “产生的影响。如：He visited Guilin in 1998.他 1998 年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑 )3. 两种时态的区分(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“ 助动词 have /has +过去分词“ 。如：The film started at 7 oclock. He has been a teacher for many years.(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just, already, ever, never 等副词和 these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段时间的状语连用。看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？ Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)说明 你看过这部电影吗？(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；(B) 句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。 How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)|说明他是怎么做的这件事？(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)说明他在北京住了 8 年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B) 句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在不在北京了。三、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有：一、考查其构成“助动词 have (has) +动词过去分词“构成现在完成时。如：1. Kate's never seen Chinese films，_ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she析 ： 陈 述 句 部 分 含 否 定 词 never,简 略 问 句 部 分 要 用 肯 定 式 ， 又 因 Kate's 是 Kate has 的 缩 写 ， 故 选 B。2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句 )His uncle _ posted the photos to him _. 析：already 常用在肯定句中，yet 常用在否定句、疑问句中，故填 hasn't, yet。3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have析：“so+助/系/情态动词+ 主语“结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致，又后句的主语为 her parents 是复数,故选 D。二、考查其用法与标志词(一)当句中有 never, ever, just, already, yet, before 等时，常用现在完成时。如：1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -_you_ your homework yet? A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished2. -_ you _anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I_A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed析：据 yet 和 before 可知,应用现在完成时，故 1 题选 D，2 题选 D。(二)当句中有“for +段时间“或“since +点时间“等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性动词，若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如：1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan. A. after B. before C. since D. for析：主句用的是现在完成时，而从句用的是一般过去时，故选 C。2. Tom_the CD player for two weeks.|A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had析：A、B、C 均为非延续性动词，在肯定句中不与表 “段时间“的短语连用，故选 D。3. I_a letter from him since he left. A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard析：据 since 可知，应排除 A、C，“hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb.“意为“收到某人的来信“，故选 B。三、考查 have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如：1. -Have you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, I have. A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to析：据句中的 have，排除 A， B 项意为“去某地了“ ，C 项意为“一直呆在某地“ ，D 项意为“去过某地“，符合题意，故选 D。2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years. A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been析 ： 本 题 句 中 有 “for+段 时 间 “结 构 ， 据 此 可 排 除 C， B 项 意 为 “去 过 某 地 “， 不 合 题 意 ， D 项 缺 介 词 ， 故 选 A。四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如：1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)析 ： 非 延 续 性 动 词 与 “段 时 间 “连 用 时 ， 除 了 把 非 延 续 性 动 词 改 成 延 续 性 动 词 外 ， 还 可 把 动 词 改 为 一 般 过 去 时 或 借助 句 型 “It's +段 时 间 +since+从 句 “进 行 句 子 转 换 。 故 答 案 为 ： Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there. 2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)_more than ten years _Susan _to this city. 析：据上题分析，且 since 引导的从句要用一般过去时，故填 It is, since, came。3. I won't go to the concert because I _my ticket. A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming析：因我丢了票的动作发生在过去，而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果，符合现在完成时所表示的含意，故选 C。现在完成时专项练习题及答案一、单项选择。1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _what's happened to him . |. knew . have known . must know .will know 2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? . already .never .ever . still 3、Have you met Mr Li _？ . just . ago .before . a moment ago 4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written 5、Our country _ a lot so far . Yes . I hope it will be even _ . . has changed ; well . changed ; good . has changed ; better . changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . . was ; studying . will ; study . has ; studied . are ; studying 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . . know . had known . have known . knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . . will see . have seen . saw .see9、These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _ there ? . will they go . did they go . do they go . have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished . Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish 11、His father _ the Party since 1978 . . joined . has joined . was in . has been in 12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . . were . have been . have become . have made 13、How long have you _ here ? About two months .|. been . gone . come . Arrived14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . . has begun . had begun . has been on . began 15 It _ ten years since he left the army . is . has . will . was 16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_ to the library . .has gone . went .will go . has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . . have been in . have been to . have gone to . have been 18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they 19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived20His uncle for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to workC. has lived there D. has left the university 二、句型转换。 1、He has never surfed,_ ?（改成反意疑问句） 2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)_have they been here? 3、The old man _ last year. He _for a year(die) （动词填空） 4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)This factory _ for twenty years. 5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago. 6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句） Her mother _ the Party three years _ . 7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换) _ two years _ the Green family moved to France. 8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) |_ 三、 汉译英。 1、 吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。 _2、 他昨天收到一封信。 _3、 我父亲以前到过长城。 _4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。 _5、 她去过上海。 _6、 他这些天上哪儿去了？ _|参考答案： 一、单项选择。 1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的】、作对现在造的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是。 2、现在完成时常与 already（已经）， just（刚刚，正好）， ever（曾经），never （从来，也不；从不），before（以前）， yet（仍然）等连用。故 2 应选 B。 3、C 4、现在完成时常与 recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故 4 应选 D。 5、C 6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或 since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故 6 应选 C。 7、C 8、现在完成时还与 once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故 8 应选 B。 9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago 等）连用。故 9 的正确答案为 B。 10、B 11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与 for 和 since 引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故 11 的正确答案依次为：D 。 12、B 13、A 14、C 15、A。 16、“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in + 地点 ”表示“在某地呆了多长时间 ”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示 “曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故 16 的正确答案为 A。 17、A 18、D 19、C 20、C 二、句型转换。 1、has he? 2、How long 3、died, has been dead 4、has been open 5、has been away 6、joined；ago 7、It is, since 8、The bus has been here for ten minutes. 三、汉译英。