注会综合英语第六讲.docx

Unit three Auditing审计1风险评估2风险应对3销售与收款循环审计4采购与付款循环审计5特殊项目的考虑6完成审计工作与出具审计报告一、Risk assessment、Risk response and Transaction cycle（一）Key wordsRisk-oriented audit approach 风险导向审计方法Audit risk = material misstatement risk × detection risk =inherent risk × control risk × detection risk审计风险=重大错报风险 × 检查风险=固有风险 × 控制风险 × 检查风险Assessing the risk of material misstatement 评估重大错报的风险Fraud舞弊；欺诈Error 错误Professional skepticism职业怀疑Reasonable assurance合理保证Test of control控制测试Substantive procedure 实质性程序Audit evidence审计证据Assertion认定Assessment 评估Internal Control System内部控制制度Omission漏报Misstatement 错报Materiality 重要性Materiality level 重要性水平Tolerable misstatement level可容忍错报的水平Walkthrough tests 穿行测试Tests of detail 细节测试Analytical procedures 分析程序Transaction cycle交易循环Sales and trade receivables 销售和收款Purchase and trade payables 采购和付款Inventory and store存货和仓储Financing and investment筹资和投资Analytical review分析性复核Provision for doubtful debts坏账准备Letter of Confirmation函证Positive/negative confirmation积极/消极函证Authorization 授权Physical control 实物控制Segregation of duties 职责分离（二）Key sentences1. 财务报表审计总体目标：The objective of an external audit engagement is to enable the auditor to express an opinion on whether the financial statementsl give a true and fair view (or present fairly in all material respects)l are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework.外部审计业务的目标就是使审计人员能够就财务报表是否在所有重大方面做出真实公允的反映，财务报表是否在所有重大方面按照适用的财务报告框架编制发表审计意见。Misstatement, including omissions, are considered to be material if they, individually or in aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements. 如果错报 （包括漏报）单独或汇总起来可能合理预期会影响财务报表使用者依据财务报表作出的经济决策，则认为错报是重大的。 To obtain reasonable (not absolute) assurance, the auditor shall obtain sufficient appropriate evidence to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level. 为了获得合理保证，注册会计师应获得充分、适当的证据将审计风险降低到可接受的低水平。2. Audit risk = material misstatement risk × detection risk =inherent risk × control risk × detection risk审计风险=重大错报风险 × 检查风险=固有风险 × 控制风险 × 检查风险Audit risk is the risk of that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion, i.e. that they give an unmodified audit opinion when the financial statements contain a material misstatement. 审计风险是指注册会计师发表不恰当审计意见的风险。如当财务报表存在重大错报时注册会计师发表了无保留的审计意见。To assess the risk of material misstatement the auditor first of all assesses the unique operating environment of the client. This is the root cause of misstatement and is often referred to as inherent risk. Secondly the auditor considers how the clients control systems, particularly financial ones, prevent and detect those misstatements. This is referred to as control risk.为了评价重大错报风险，注册会计师首先要评价客户的独特的经营环境，这往往是错报的根本原因，通常被称为固有风险。其次注册会计师要考虑客户的控制制度，尤其是财务控制制度如何防止和发现这些错报，也就是控制风险。 Detection risk is the risk that the procedures performed by the auditor to reduce audit risk to an acceptable level will not detect potentially material misstatement, either individually or in aggregate. 检查风险是指如果存在某一错报，该错报单独或连同其他错报可能是重大的，注册会计师为将审计风险降至可接受的低水平而实施程序后没有发现这种错报的风险。 3. The objective of the auditor is to identify and assess the risk of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, at the financial statement and assertion levels, through understanding the entity and its environment, including the entitys internal control, thereby providing a basis for designing and implementing responses to the assessed risks of material misstatement. 注册会计师了解被审计单位及其环境，包括其内部控制，目的是识别和评估在财务报表层面和认定层面，由于舞弊或者错误而存在的重大错报风险，并在此基础上设计和实施应对的措施。4. 风险评估程序ISA 315 requires auditors to perform the following procedures to understand the entity and its environment: l Inquiries of management and others within the entity (e.g. about external and internal changes the company has experienced) ;l Analytical procedures; andl Observation (e.g. of control procedures) and inspection (e.g. of key strategic documents and procedural manuals).注册会计师应当实施下列风险评估程序，以了解被审计单位及其环境：l 询问管理层和被审计单位内部其他人员l 分析程序l 观察和检查5. The five components of an internal control system: l the control environment：it focuses largely on the attitude, awareness and actions of those responsible for designing, implementing and monitoring internal controls. l the entitys risk assessment process: how management determines the risks to be managed. l the information systeml the control activities: all policies and procedures designed to ensure that management directives are carried out.l the monitoring of controls: the process of assessing the effectiveness of controls over time and taking necessary remedial actions. 内部控制包括五个要素：（1）控制环境；（2）风险评估过程；（3）信息系统；（4）控制活动；（5）对控制的监督。6. In order to assess the operating effectiveness of controls in preventing and detecting material misstatement，the auditor performs tests of controls. Typical methods of controls testing include:l walkthrough tests, where a transaction is followed through the system;l observation of control activities, e.g. the inventory count; andl computer aided audit techniques.Reliance on internal control will reduce the amount of substantive testing of transactions required.为了评价内控在防止和发现重大错报方面的运行有效性，注册会计师要进行控制测试 （穿行测试，观察，计算机辅助审计技术）。对内部控制的信赖会减少对交易进行实质性测试的工作量。7. Substantive procedures are those procedures designed to detect material misstatement. They include both tests of detail and analytical procedures. 实质性程序是用于发现重大错报的审计程序，包括细节测试和分析程序。