2022年定语从句教师用讲义.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思高中英语语法 -定语从句专项讲解及练习定语从句是高中重点学问,也是高考常考点,大家也不简单把握,这篇文章主要教你关系代词引导的 定语从句,关系副词引导的定语从句,判定关系代词与关系副词限制性和非限制性定语从句等内容,有例 题讲解；定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词；定语从句通常出 现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出；关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等；关系副词有： when, where, why 等；定语从句中的关系词有两个作用,一是形式上,引导定语从句；二是意义上,代替先行词在从句中做 某种成分；这是懂得定语从句和其他从句的关键；一、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分；关系代词 在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一样；1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语；例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you. 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人；（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2）whose 用来指人或物,（只用作定语 , 如指物,它仍可以同 of which 互换）； 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose （of which ） cover is green.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙；请递给我那本绿皮的书；3）which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等；例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村显现了前所未有的富强；（which / that 在句中作宾语）The package （which / that ）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了； （which / that 在句中作宾语）二、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语；1）关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于 " 介词 + which" 结构,因此常常和 " 介词 + which" 结构交替使用； 例如：There are occasions when （on which ） one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候；Beijing is the place where （in which ） I was born. 北京是我的诞生地；Is this the reason why （for which ） he refused our offer.这就是他拒绝我们帮忙他的理由吗？2）that 代替关系副词, 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和" 介+which"引导的定语从句,在口语中 that 常被省略；例如：His father died the year （that / when / in which ） he was born.他父亲在他诞生那年逝世了；He is unlikely to find the place （ that / where / in which ） he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方；特别是当先行词为 way 和 reason 时,引导定语从句的关系词通常都省略；如：This is the reason why,for whichI did it. I couldn t agree with the way that,in whichshe talked to her parents. 三、判定关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词,仍是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词；及物动词后面无宾语,就必需要求用关系代词；而不及物动词就要求用关系副词；例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村；I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永久不会遗忘与你共事的日子；判定改错：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对）This is the mountain village （which ） I visited last year. （对）I'll never forget the days （which ） I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when 联系在一起；此两题错在关系词的误用上；方法二：精确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状）,也能正确挑选出关系代词/关系副词；例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age. A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例 1 变为确定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为确定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中,所缺部分为宾语,而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用,只有 the one 既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选 D；而句 2 中 , 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语；而此题中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选 A ；关系词的挑选依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时, 挑选关系代词 （who, whom, that, which, whose ）；先行词在从句中做状语时,因状语）；四、限制性和非限制性定语从句应挑选关系副词 （where 地点状语, when 时间状语, why 原1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种；限制性定语从句是先行词不行缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不 明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开； 例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子；（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很美丽,是我们上个月买的；（非限制性）2）当先行词是专出名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的；例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理 .史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师；My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个美丽的花园；This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍；3）非限制性定语从句仍能将整个主句作为先行词 , 对其进行修饰 , 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数；例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他好像没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦；Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发；说明：关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句；五、介词 +关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略；2）that 前不能有介词；3）某些在从句中充当时间,地点或缘由状语的" 介词 +关系词 "结构可以同关系副词when 和 where 互换；例如 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子；Do you remember the day on which you joined our club. 仍记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？Do you remember the day when you joined our club. 名师归纳总结 六、 as, which 非限定性定语从句as和 which 可代整个主句,相当于and this 或 and that； As由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,一般放在句首,which 在句中 ；例如：第 2 页,共 10 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康；The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要；典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案 C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that 修饰,而用 which. ,it 和 he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接；况且选 he 句意不通；2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案 B；which 可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what 不行； That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it 不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通；3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. asD. it 答案 B. as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定 语从句中都可以作主语和宾语；但不同之处主要有两点：（ 1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which 不行；（ 2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必需是系动词；如为行为动词,就从句中的关系代词只能用which.；在此题中, prevent 由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B；as 的用法例 1. the same as； such as 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和 一样 ；例如：I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我遇到了跟他一样的麻烦；例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有 '正如 ' ；例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康；As 是关系代词；例1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例2 中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know 要用被动式；七、关系代词 that 的用法1）不用 that 的情形a） 引导非限定性定语从句时；例如：（错） The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b） 介词后不能用；例如： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依靠土地获得食物；We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2） 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情形a）当主句以 here,there 开头时； Here is the hotel that you've been looking for. There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken. b ）在不定代词,如：everything,anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用 that ,不用 which. All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题； c ）先行词有 the only, the very 修饰时,只用 that ； d ）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用 that ； It is the most important task that should be finished soon. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思 e ）先行词既有人,又有物时； We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited. f 先行词本身是 that 时,引导词须用 which. 如： Whats that which flashed in the sky just now. g 主句中有 who,which 等疑问代词时,为防止重复只用 that. Which is the T-shirt that fits me most. 八、分隔式定语从句（先行词与定语从句分别） 1、被介词短语分开；I have a painting by a painter which was sent to me for my birthday. 2、被谓语分开；The professor entered the hall who had just presented several lectuers. 九、 主谓一样问题；当关系词在从句中做主语时,须留意与从句谓语动词是否一样；从句谓语动词的形式1、取决于先行词；如：Mr Smith ,who is mow downstairs,is asking to see you. The Smith ,who are now downstairs ,are asking to see you. 2、两个特别的结构；One of + 复数名词 +关系代词 +复数谓语；the only,very,right,one of +复数名词 +关系代词 +单数谓语Jeff is one of the students who were awarded. Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded. 十、有些“ 动词 +介词” 短语,不行把介词置于关系词前,否就,将会失去动词短语本身的含义；This is the town which the writer lived in 20 years ago. 这个句子也可以改写成：This is the town in which the writer lived 20 years ago. 但是, This is the tape for which I'm looking . 这个句子是错的,由于 look for 短语整体表达“ 查找”的含义,分开来就没有这个含义了；所以,正确的表达应当是：This is the tape which I'm looking for.除了 look for 短语之外,类似的短语仍有：look after ,look forward to,care for,deal with,hear from/of/about, get through 等；十一、省略关系代词的情形； 1、关系代词在从句中做动词的宾语时； I have been to the city twice that/whichyou just visited. 2、关系代词在从句中做介词的宾语,并且介词在从句句尾时； Generation gap is a problem which/thatpeople are interested in. 3 关系代词在从句中做表语时； After a score of years,John is not the naughty boy who/thathe used to be. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思定语从句习题1.The place _interested me most was the Children's Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _. A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded. A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day _I'll never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when 6.The factory _we'll visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8.This is one of the best films _. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked 9.Can you lend me the book _the other day. A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10.The pen _he is writing is mine. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which 11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that 12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old. A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom 13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country. A. who B. who's C. which D. whose 14.I'm interested in _you have said. A. all that B. all what C. that D. which 15.I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday. A. which B. who C. what D. as 16.He isn't such a man _he used to be. A. who B. whom C. that D. as 17.He is good at English, _we all know. A. that B. as C. whom D. what 18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much. A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him 19.I don't like _ as you read. A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels 20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school. A. which B. that C. whom D. what 21.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思A. them B. which C. whom D. who 23.You're the only person _I've ever met _could do it. A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who 24.I lost a book, _I can't remember now. A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that 25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what 26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV. A. that B. which C. as D. it 27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the day _ we spent together. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong. A. which B. whose C. what D./ 29.This is the reason _he didn't come to the meeting. A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which 30.This machine, _for many years, is still working perfectly. A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after 31.The reason _he didn't come was _he was ill. A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what 32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam. A.that B.which C.for which D.who 33.That is not the way _I do it. A./ B.which C.for which D.with which 34.I have two grammars, _are of great use. A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which 35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago. A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which 36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them. A. who B. which C. that D. it 37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph. A. that B. which C. from that D. from which 38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done. A. that B. which C. who D. as 39. You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes. A. / B. why C. when D. whose 40. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular. A. that B. which C. it D. though 41. - Did you ask the guard _ happened. - Yes, he told me all _ he knew. A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that 42. I shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which 43. The number of the people who _ cars _ increasing. A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are 44. During the days _, he worked as a servant at the Browns. 名师归纳总结 A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed 第 6 页,共 10 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思45. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn. A. that B. / C. which D. it 46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see _ was going on inside house. A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that 47. Is _ some German friends visited last week. A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 48. John got beaten in the game, _ had been expected. A. as B. that C. what D. who 49. I have bought two ballpens, _ writes well. A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 50. All that can be eaten _ eaten up. A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been 1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected