2022年高考英语语法讲义.docx
精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高考语法讲义一非谓语动词一不定式:一)不定式的常考形式:12一般形式: He decidedto workharderin orderto catchup withthe others.被动形式 : He preferredto be assignedsomeheavierworkto do.语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生完成形式: He pretendednot to have seen me.被动形式: The book is said to have beentranslatedintomanylanguages.语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考的考点:1 )不定式做定语 - 将要发生2 )不定式做状语 - 目的taste,feel3 )不定式充当名词功能 -Toseeis to believe.三 不定式的省略1 感官动词 see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,+ do表示动作的完整性,真实性;.+ doing表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw himworkin the gardenyesterday.昨天我观察他在花园里干活了; 强调 "我观察了 "这个事实 I saw himworkingin the gardenyesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活;(强调" 我见他正干活 "这个动作)感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastesgood . It feels comfortable2使役动词havebidmakelet等词后不定式要省略但同1 一样被动以后要仍原toI dliketohaveJohndo it.I havemypackageweighed.Pauldoesnt haveto be madeto learn.3helphelpsb dohelpsb to dohelpdohelpto do四 有些动词后只跟不定式如:want ,wish ,hope ,manage ,promise,refuse ,pretend ,plan , offer ,decide ,agree ,expect名师归纳总结 allowsb to do,causesb to do , permitsb to do, enablesb to doto.forcesb to do. be morelikelyto dolove to dowarnsb to dobe able to dobeambitiousto do. beginto do . startto doWe agreed_here ,butso far she hasn'tturnedup yet (NMET1995 )AhavingmetBmeetingCto meetDto havemet (Key :C)五 有的时候 to 后面要接 -ing形式accustomoneselfto. be accustomedto. face up to. in additionto. look forwardto. objectbe reducedto. resignoneselfto. be resignedto. resortto. sinkto. be used to. be alternative第 1 页,共 16 页to. be close/closenessto. be dedication/dedicatedto. be opposition/opposedto. besimilarity/similar 三、 need/wantto.后的-ing形式具有被动的意思;其中,want不太常用;He needsa lot of encouraging.二 . 动名词:具有动作性特点的名词1 是名词seeingis believing2 具有动词性特点可以带宾语starvingtroopsis necessary.一 动名词的形式 :一般形式: I don'tlike you smoking.完成形式: I regretnot havingtakenyouradvice.- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 被动形式: This questionis far frombeingsettled.二 动名词常考的点1 动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2 在动名词和不定式中 ,做为介词的宾语是动名词3 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或全部格形式给出规律主语.calling也对)I wouldappreciate_back this afternoon(MET 1992 )Ayou to call Byou call Cyou callingDyou'recalling (Key :C yourI regretnot havingtakenyouradvice.4 有些词后只能接动名词admit. appreciate. avoid. celebrate.discontinue. dislike. dispute. enjoy.forgive. can't help. hinder. imagine.consider. contemplate. defer. delay. deny. detest.it entails. escape. excuse. explain. fancy. feel like. finish.it involves. keep. it means. mention. mind. miss. itnecessitates.pardon.postpone.practice.prevent.recall. report.resent.resist.risk. suggest.understand.另外仍有一些接 -ing 形式的常用说法:use. it's worthwhile.spendit'sno good. it's no/little/hardlyany/use. it's not/hardly/scarcelymoney/time.there'sno. there'sno pointin. there'snothingworsethan. what'stheuse/point.5 有些词后加不定式和动名词均可容;remember,forget,try,stop,go on,cease,mean后面用不定式和 -ing形式,意义截然不I rememberedto postthe letters.指将来 / 过去将来的动作 I remembered posting/having posting the lettersforgot 与 remember 的用法类似;I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你 我记得这个动作 preferI regrettedhavingleftthe firmaftertwentyyears.为了" 二十年前的离开 " 而遗憾;tryto 努力 You reallymusttryto overcomeyourshyness.try ing 试验 Trypracticingfive hoursa day.I meanto go, but my fatherwouldnotallowme to. 准备、想 我想去,但我父亲不让我去;To raisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower. 意味着 赠加工资意味着增加购买力;的用法:我宁愿在这里等;I preferto waithere.(所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去;)I preferwaitinghere. (我正在这里等,我就宠爱这么做;)I preferswimmingto cycling.(这个句子里面就不能用不定式了;)The lightintheofficeisstillonOh,Iforgot_ (MET 1991)AturningitoffBturnitoffCtoturnitoffDhavingturneditoff (Key:C)You were braveenough toraiseobjectionsatthemeeting Well ,now Iregret_ that (NMET 1995)Atodo Btobe doingCtohave done Dhavingdone(Key:D)3 分词:现在分词主动进行 ,过去分词被动状态 现在分词的形式 :1 一般式 :Do you see the man talkingto the dean (主任) . 与谓语动词同步发生 2 完成形式: Not havingmadeadequatepreparations,theyfailed. 发生谓语动词之前 3 完成被动形式: Havingbeen adapted,the scriptseemsperfect.发生谓语动词之前且表示被动 过去分词名师归纳总结 1过去分词表示被动: Fightno battleunprepared.discussedeverywhere. 强调正在被做 第 2 页,共 16 页2 过去分词的进行形式: You'll findthe topicbeing- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的规律主语;他们之间的一样关系 主动仍是被动,往往就是考点;独立主格结构中,要留意的是分词与他前面的规律主语之间的主动被动的关系;二:虚拟语气和情态动词情态动词的基本用法及其区分最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区分,因此在平常学习时精确理解和把握情态动词的基本用法特别重要;情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的微小差别来考查同学对情态动词的懂得和把握;对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够精确把握它们的基本用法外,仍要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所表达的特殊关系;下面就近几年来高考试题中显现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习把握;一、用“ 情态动词 havedone ” 结构表示对过去动作的估量,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以示意;情态动词的这一用法可以用“ 对立统一” 来概括;1当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用“ 统一” 关系来解决这样的试题;常见的结构有:must have done :表示对过去动作的确定估量,常译作“ 肯定做了 ” ,只能用于确定句中;其否定形式为 can tcouldn t have done疑问式为 Can Could.have done ;couldmight have done :表示对过去发生的动作的可能性估量,常译作“ 可能做了 ” ;如:1 My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture 上海 2000A couldn t have attendedB needn t have attendedC mustn t have attendedD shouldn t have attended此题选 A;2 Jack yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me 上海97A mustn t have arrivedB shouldn t have arrivedC can t have arrivedD need not have arrived(C)2 当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助“ but, however, instead ”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用“ 对立” 关系来解决这样的试题;这种结构常见的有:名师归纳总结 shouldhavedone oughtto havedone :表示过去本应当做某事而实际上没有做;第 3 页,共 16 页shouldnot have done oughtnot to have done :表示过去本不应当做某事但事实上却做了;need havedone :表示过去原来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做;need not have done :表示过去原来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了;如:3 I was reallyanxiousaboutyou You homewithouta word NMET2001A mustn t leaveB shouldn t have leftC couldn t haveleft D needn t leave“ 本不应当离家出走却走了” ,故此题选B;4 I told Sallyhow to get here,but perhapsI for her NMET 94A had to writeit outB musthavewrittenit outC shouldhavewrittenit outD oughtto writeit out由句中的连词 but 可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知此题应选C;- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析;最近几年高考试题中常借助详细的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的懂得和把握,因此在做这样的试题时应仔细分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的挑选;5 Is John coming by train He should, but he not He likes driving his car NMET2002A must B can C need D maymustn t 表示“ 禁止、不准” ; cannot 表示“ 不行能” ; need not 表示“ 不必要” ; may not表示“ 可能不” ;分析语境可知此题应选 D;6 I hear you ve got a set of valuable Australian coins I have a look Yes, certainly 北京 2002 春A Do B May C Shall D Should分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可,may 表示“ 答应、可以” ,语气比较委婉 shall 常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中 ,表示征求对方看法和指示,假如此空用吗?” ,不符合上下文意思;故此题选 B;shall ,就意为“ 要(我)看一下7 Mr Bush is on timefor everything How it be that he waslate for the openingceremony上海 2001春A can B shouldC mayD mustmustbe 表示确定的推测,只能用于确定句中,由题意可知此题应选A;8 Are you coming to Jeff s party I m not sure I go to the concertA must B would C should D might由题意和下句中的“ Im not sure ”instead NMET2000可知这段对话中存在一种可能性估量,might 可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判定,故此题选 D;又如:I should have been there, but I not find the time 上海 2000 春 A wouldB could C might D should分析题意可知其次个分句表示过去的某种才能;C 项只表示语气上的可能性,与题意不符;故此题选 B;9 Johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourselfNMET 96A won t. can t B mustn t. mayC shouldn t. must D can t. shouldn tmustn t 表示“ 不行以;禁止” ,分析题意可知其次个空表示某种可能性,故此题选 B;10 Will you stay for lunch Sorry,My brother is coming to see me NMET 99A I mustn t B I can tC I needn t D I won t分析题意可知由于“ 我弟弟要来看我” ,所以“ 不能留下” ,因此对别人的邀请或要求应赐予礼貌的拒绝; A 项表示“ 禁止” ; C 项表示“ 不必要” ;而 D 项表示“ 不会” ,均不符合题意;故此题选 B;又如:Could I borrow your dictionaryYes, of course you MET 92A might B will C can D should C11 When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoonThey be ready by 12 00 NMET 98A can B should C might D need该题考查情态动词 should 的基本含义,分析句意可知此题应选 B;又如:12 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyoneget out NMET 97名师归纳总结 A had to B wouldC couldD was able to第 4 页,共 16 页该题考查了 could 和 be able to 的区分,二者都可表示过去时间的才能,但假如表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用 was wereable to do ,故此题选 D;13Shall I tell John aboutit No, you I ve toldhim already NMET 94A needn t B wouldn t C mustn t D shouldn t- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 情态动词 shall 在试题中表示征询对方看法或恳求指示;答句示意“ 没有必要了” ,故此题选A虚拟语气最自然的虚拟状态:由 should/would+ 原型时态(不含时间只含状态)本质上是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进行;这时 "虚拟语气 " 的产生往往是由于我们要表达(原来可以 ,原来能 )" 原来应当 "(而现在却仍没有 )I shouldgo. but I'mstillhere. 一般 should+原I shouldbe workingnow. 进行 I shouldhave practicedmorethanI did. 完成 我应当多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多;)I shouldn'tdreamaway my timetoo much. 完成的否定 actuallyI did dreamawaymy timetoo much.It shouldn'thavebeen leakingfor such a longtime. 完成进行 I may/might/couldhave finished. 完成 一些常见的句型中,就会显现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,should常常被省略掉osuggest,advise,propose,recommend,plan.odemand,order,direct,arrange,command,decide.orequire,request.othink,expect,believe,insist,suspect.由于他们的含义中包含 "建议,假设,应当 " 这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有型时态构成的虚拟语气;这些动词(以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句仍有其他的变形:主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句It's suggested that My suggestion is that The only suggestion that.The only suggestion I can give you now is that 一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情形important. necessary. essentialIt's natural. strange. incredible thata pity. a shame. no wonder由 lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用 should表达与事实相反1. 与现在相反:使用 过去时 :I wish I were not here. 一般现在 一般过去 Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son. 一般现在 一般过去 Hope I weren't always losing things. 现在进行 过去进行 If only/If I hadn't been there. 现在完成 过去完成 What if I hadn't been waiting right here. 现在完成进行 过去完成进行 常考句型: It's high time that . would rather that这两个从句,只能表达对现在的看法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时;2. 与过去相反:过去完成时;How nice it is if I had past the test.How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning.3. 与将来相反?将来的事情没有发生,所以只能估量 且实现可能很小I wish he could not smoke any more.不过,由于可以用 be to 表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中常常显现 were to ;也是 CET-4 的常考语法点;虚拟条件句 o if 部分,做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成);名师归纳总结 o主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设的估量,一般使用情态动词would ,少数情形下使用第 5 页,共 16 页could/might/should;- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - o 留意:两个部分之间,是有规律关系,而在两部分的谓语动词时态上,没有必定的联系;留意,虚拟条件句中的if 可以省略,造成 were/had提前,产生倒装;or隐含的非真实条件: 由特殊的词给出条件 : with,without,in , butfor,otherwise,How couldI be happywithoutyou.In his shoes,I wouldkill myself.But for the storm,we wouldhave arrived.三、一样关系一 主谓一样1 主谓一样(与插入语无关)1 主谓的分隔原就:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔;2 定语从句中的主谓一样:3 随前一样:n. + togetherwithn2and 连接的as well as includingalongwithwith/ ofaccompaniedwith/ by4 就近原就 :n1 or n2+v (就近原就)eithern1 or n25 可数 n1 and 可数 n2+vpl 不行数 n1 and 不行数 n2+vpl例外: war and peace is war and peace 是一个整体但是假如主语表示的是同一个概念,同一人,同一事的时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构的特点是 两个词只有一个冠词;Theironandsteelindustryis veryimportantto our country.Theheadmasterandmathematicalteacheris coming .The head master and the类似的仍有: law and ordermathematical bread andteacherare coming .butterblack and whiteTo love and to be lovedis A lawyerand a teacherare A lawyerand teacheris 6 随后原就 :not A butB / not onlyA but also B+v.与 B 一样7 百分比结构 :most, half , rest, some, majority, one+persentof+n1+v.(由 n1 打算)8 倒装结构的主谓一样:a)Therebe +n由名词打算动词b)Among, between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:Among/ Between + 系动词 +n.(由名词打算动词)9The+adj的主谓一样:a)当表示 “一类人 ” ,b)当表示某一抽象概念时The good is always attractive.10 To do/doing/ 主从 +vs*More than one+nmany a +n.a day or two二 、倒装1 全部倒装 是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前;此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时;常见的结构有:名师归纳总结 Up wentthe plane= the planewentup.第 6 页,共 16 页1 here,there,now,then,thus 等副词置于句首 , 谓语动词常用 be, come,go, lie, run ;2 表示运动方向的副词 back,down,off, up 或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词;- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 留意: 1上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必需是名词,假如主语是人称代词就不能倒装;Herehe comes.Awaytheywent.2谓语动词是 be 的时候,不能倒装;Here it is.Here you are.3 ) 形容词短语 / 分词短语位于句首,引起倒装*typicalofcharacteristicof*coincidingwith+ n4 ) 表示地点范畴的介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,肯定引起倒装In (表语) + 系动词 + 主,主同;* 在倒装句型答案中不能显现thereinatbeneath* 常考介词要倒装: amongbetween常考的系动词: belieexistremainrest部分倒装1 否定 adv位于句首,引起倒装: notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely,seldom,rarely,no sooner thanuntil+ 句子+ 主谓倒装1) not until+ 时间 + 主谓倒装, not2 ) only+状语位于句首only+ad.eg:recentlyprep. 短短语eg:in recentlyyears从句eg:whenclauseonly 一个词本身不倒装3 ) 在比较级结构中, than 后面可以倒装,也可以不倒装;部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前;假如句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,就需添加助动词 do, does 或 did ,并将其置于主语之前;1 Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者确定,产生倒装,一般主动词提前,谓语动词的其他部分就4 as / though 引导的让步从句必需将表语或状语提前(形容词 , 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前);as让步虽然,尽管词序倒装;语气比 though 强;Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功,却不自豪;Women as she is, she's every brave.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.留意: A 句首名词不能带任何冠词;B 句首是实义动词 , 其他助动词放在主语后;假如实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前;5 其他部分倒装a so that 句型中的 so. such that 句型中的 such 位于句首时,需倒装;So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.b 在某些表示希望的句型中:May you all be happy.c 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were, had, should 等词,可将 if 省略,把 were, had,should 移到主语之前,实行部分倒装;Were I you, I would tr