2022年高考英语语法精品教案:专题介词.docx
精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一;使用频率相当高,用法多而杂,一个介词可能有多种不同的用法;一个相近的意思又可以用不同的 介词表达;所以在一轮的备考中必需逐一把握每个高频介词的用 法;弄清晰易混介词的用法异同;能够依据具体语境敏捷运用介 词;常用介词、易错介词的辨析以及介词固定搭配的考查将是 2022 年介词考查的主要方向;一、介词的分类与语法功能 介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必需与名词、代词 或相当于名词的其他词类或短语等 分;>构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成介词分为:简洁介词,如 at ,in ,for 等;合成介词,如within ,inside ,onto ,throughout 等;短语介词,如 according to ,out of ,by means of ,in spite of ,instead of 等; 双重介词,如 from behind /above /under,until after 等; 分词介词,如 considering ,including ,judging from/by> 等;二、介词的意义1表示时间的介词1 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1> in 表示 “在某一时间段 ”或“在某一时候 ”,如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面,或用来泛指一天的某一段时间;in 也可以指 “在 之后”,表示从说话起的如干时间内;如:in July/summer/2000/ancient times The bus will be here in ten minutes. 2> on 表示“在特定的某一天 ”,也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前;如:on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st3> at 表示“在某一时间点 ”,或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、季节等;如:at six o'clock, at Easter 4> over, through out>两者均指 “经过的全部时间 ”;如:Stay over the Christmas. 5> for与 since :for表示动作或状态连续的全部时间长度,为“长达 ”之意; since 用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间;含有since 时间短语的句子要用完成时,但含有for时间短语的句子不肯定要用完成时;如:I have been there for six years. We have not seen each other since 1993. 6> during指“在 时期/ 时间内 ”,必需接表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语;如:She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little. 2 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2表示地点的介词1> above, below , over, under , on, on top of, beneath, underneath: above 和 below 分别表示 “高于”和“低于”的意思,不一定指垂直方向上的上下;over 和 under 分别表示垂直方向上的上下或高低; on/on top of和 beneath/underneath表示 “和表面相接触”意义上的上下;以上三组介词互为反义词;如:The temple stands on top of the hill. The pen is beneath the book. There is a lamp on the desk. 2> at, on, in:at 指小地点或集会场合;on 表示线或面上的位置;in 表示在立体、区域或环境内,特殊是那些较大,能够容纳相 应事物的环境;如:He works at Peking University. Your radio is on the desk. He's sitting in the sun. 3> between 与 among:between 用来说明 “在 两者之间 ”或“三个以上人或事物中的每两者之间的相互关系”;among 用来说明“在 三者以上之间 ”的相互关系; among 可以用来表示没有确定数 目的物体之间的相互关系;如:There is a small river between the two villages. The book is the best among these modern novels. The relations between various countries are very 3 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - important. 3表示缘由的介词;1> for 经常表示褒贬、奖惩的缘由或心理缘由;如:They will reward you for your help. 2> from 和 out of 经常表示动机或缘由; through表示消极或间接的缘由;如:He feels weak from lack of sleep. He broke down through overwork. 4表示目的的介词 for 和 to 都可以引导目的地; for 表示拟定的接收人或目的,for 跟在含有动身或开头意义的动词后,如:leave, set out, start, depart, sail 等;to 表示实际的接收人或目的,to 跟在含有方向性 的动词后,如: go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride 等;如:We have left for Hong Kong. He flew to America via Hong Kong. 5表示“关于 ”的介词on 用于正一般 about用于比较任凭的谈话或非正式的文体;式的讲话、著作或报告中;的后面;如:of 用于动词 talk, read, know, hear 等What are you talking about. in terms of natural resources 4 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 6表示原料的介词of 和 out of 表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质;from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质;如:His house was built of brick. He made these toys out of old cigar-boxes. Steel is made from iron. 7表示价格的介词at 和 for 都可表示价格, at 仅表示价格; for 仍表示 “交换”;如:Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here. I bought it for five pounds. 三、常见的介词搭配1“介词 名词”型1> in 名词in advance 在前头,事先,预先in case 假如,万一in charge 主管,掌管,看管in common 共有,共同,公有in demand 有需要的in doubt 感到疑问的,难以确定的in effect 实际上,生效in fact 事实上5 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - in order 按序,井然有序,情形良好;恰当2> in progress 进行中作为回报in return 依次,替换地;相应地,转而in turn 白费in vain 在值勤on 名词on guard 在休假on leave 在度假on holiday 罢工on strike 出售on sale 借贷on loan onthe 名词on the move 在移动,搬迁;离开on the march 在行军on the flow 在涨潮on the increase 正在增加on the go 正在活动,正在奔跑on the air 正在广播on the fly 正在飞行3> beyond 名词beyond one's power 是某人力所不及的6 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - beyond praise 夸不胜夸beyond one's reach 够不着beyond description 难以形容beyond words 无法用语言形容beyond doubt 无疑beyond one's understanding 无法懂得4> under 名词under development 在进展中under observation 在观看中under test 在测试中under construction 在建设中under examination 在检查 调查>中under consideration 在考虑中under repair 在修理中5> at 名词at length 具体地,长时间at sea 茫然at will 任意地at work 在上班at lunch 在吃午饭at rest 在休息at table 在吃饭7 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - at school 上学at church 做礼拜at peace 处于和平状态6> out of 名词out of breath 上气不接下气out of balance 失去平稳out of date 过时out of patience 不耐烦out of control 失去掌握out of business 破产2out of style 过时,不时髦>;out of the ordinary 不平常的out of touch 失去联系复杂介词型表示缘由 通常在句中作状语 >, 意为 “由于,由于 ”;1> because of :表示实际缘由 表达一种较强的因果关系on account of :常用来引述规律、理性和事实因素;2> 表示“除 之外 ”; except, except for除 之外”;with the exception ofapart from 美式英语中的aside from> 是个复合介词,既可表示 “除 之外”,相当于 except for>, 又可以表示 “除 之外,仍,也 >”,相当于 besides ;8 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - in addition to除 之外仍,也>”,相当于 besides ;3> 表示“有关,关于 ”;concerning=regarding关于,就 而论,在 方面”;with respect to 关于,就 而言 ”;as for 和 as to 用于句首时表示 “至于”;4> 表示“在 之前 ”;ahead of=in advance of ,可表示 “ 在空间或时间上比某人或某事物 >更前,更早 ”, 仍可表示 “领先,优于 ”;in front of 多指空间的前后关系, “在 前方 ”;5> 表示“支持,赞成 ”;in support of 保护,支持,支援;in favor of 可 指 某 人 “ 支 持 , 赞 成 ” , 也 可 指 事 物 “ 有 利于 ”;6> 表示“鉴于,由于;依据,依据”;in the light of 依据,考虑到in terms of 就 而言,谈到according to 依据;依据in view of 鉴于,由于7> 表示“尽管”;in spite of 尽管,不管3“形容词介词 ”型at 前的 adj. :angry, good, bad, surprised, excited, puzzled 等;9 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - of前的adj. : afraid, sure, certain, full, tired, fond, proud, worthy 等;with 前的 adj.: angry, strict, busy, careful, popular, patient 等;in 前的 adj. :strict, weak, interested, successful, rich 等;to 前的 adj. :polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, available 等;for 前的 adj. :sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious ,be> hungry/thirsty 等;from 前的 adj. :far, different, free, safe 等;about 前的 adj. :worried, anxious, careful 4“名词介词 ”型,curious 等;the key/answer/visit/apology/introduction/way; towish/desire/prize/respect; forpity/mercy/congratulation/effect/advice/impression/influence onSometimes our opinions differ because what we 1【误】choose to observe and how we deal with what we've observed. 【正】 Sometimes our opinions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we've observed. 【解读】 because 是连词,其后接句子;而because of 是短语介词,其后接名词、代词、动名词或名词性从句等;10 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2【误】 How long have you been an actor. In 1995, when I graduated from college. 【正】 How long have you been an actor. Since 1995, when I graduated from college. 【解读】结合问句的语境,只有 since 能回答问句所提出的问题;3【误】In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch with writing often. 【正】In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch by writing often. 【解读】 by 在这里表示方式, by writing 意为“通过写信 ”;1The fashion show was _ being a failure. It was a success. Afar from Balong with Cnext to Din case 【解读】A far from 远非 ;along with 与 一道 又>, 连同 一起,伴同 一起; next to 次于,紧挨着; in case 如果,万一;2It saves time in the dining room to have things you use a lot _ easy reach. 11 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Anear B upon Cwithin D around 【解读】C考查固定用法:within easy reach在简洁够到 的地方;在 的邻近;句意为:在餐厅里把常用到的东西放到简洁够到的地方会节约许多时间;32022·福建卷 How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space. It's a challenge, I guess, man against nature. Aof B for C by D about 【解读】 A 考查介词辨析;答句中的 I guess 是插入语,因此所填介词与 challenge 连用,构成 a challenge of 结构;4 2022·全 国 卷 Everybody was touched _ words after they heard her moving story. Abeyond B without C of D in 【解读】 A 句意为:听到她感人的故事后,人人都感动得难于言表; beyond 超出;越过;52022·重庆卷 Try on this red skirt; you will look great _ it. Aon Bby Cin D for 【解读】C考查介词的用法; sth. be on sb.衣服穿在某人身上; sb. be look> in sth. 某人穿着什么衣服;由此可知答案为C;6 2022·陕西卷 He invited me to a dance after the show 12 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - _ Christmas Eve.Aat B on Cin D by 【答案】 B 7Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like _ working here.Awith B over C at D about 【解读】 D 句意为:关于在这里工作,我喜爱的两件事情是现代化设备和禁止吸烟;about“有关,关于 ”,符合题意;8If you really have to leave during the meeting, you'd better leave _ the back door. Afor B by Cacross D out 【解读】 B句意为:假如你的确要在会议期间离开,那么你最好从后门离开; “从后门 ”用 by the back door ;for 表示缘由;across 意为“穿过,横穿 ”;out 意为“在外面 ”,三者均不符合句意;9Alice entered silently and sank _ a chair. Aon Boff C into D to 【解读】C 句意为:爱丽斯悄悄地进来,坐在了椅子上;sink into a chair 颓然坐在椅子上;10When did you last hear _ Jay. He phoned me this morning ,and we agreed _ a time and place to meet. Aof ;to Babout ;with 13 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Cfrom ;with D from ;on 【解读】 Dhear about/of听到有关 ,听说; hear from收到 的来信,得知某人的消息;agree on sth. 在 方面取得一致看法; agree to do sth. 同意做某事; agree to sth. 同意 方案、支配、方案等 >;agree with sb. 同意某人 的看法 >;112022·四川卷 Tired ,Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree. Ain B below C beside D against 【解读】D考查介词词义辨析;背靠着树睡着了,against表示“倚,靠 ”;122022·江西卷 Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients _ name ,not case number. Aof B as Cby D with 【解读】 C 考查介词惯用法; by name 按名字叫;句意为:现在一些医院提到病人叫名字而不是病例号;13If you do not use your English _ the classroom you will forget that English you know. Awithin B beyond C in D over 【解读】Bwithin等于 in 都表示 “在 里面 ”; over指“在 上面”;beyond 表示位置,意为 “在 之外”;依据句意 “走出教室你假如不用英语的话, ”可知答案为 B;142022北京卷 Would you mind not picking the flowers in 14 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - the garden ?They are _ everyone's enjoyment. Ain B at C for D to 【解读】C此题考查介词;依据句子意思“这些花是让每个人观赏的 ”,可知用 for 表示目的;15. _ all kinds of difficulties, the workers have made rapid progress in the construction of the World Expo 2022 in Shanghai.AWith B For C Under D Beyond 【解读】 A 此题考查介词;句意为:尽管有许多困难,工人们在上海的世博会建筑中取得了很大的进展;with 尽管,虽然;1. 【2022 · 天津十二所重点学校联考】_economic, political and cultural differences, it is difficult for China and America to fully understand each otherAIn spite of BRegardless of COn account of DIn terms of【答案】 C 2<北京海淀区 2022 届高三二模) The woman pulled her hat low down _ her eyes in order not to be recognized by the angry crowds15 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Aunder Bbelow Con Dover【答案】 D 3. 【2022 · 四川泸州市二诊】 After the robbery, the shop fixed an alarm systemfurther losses.A. for B. against C. from D. to 【答案】 B 4. 【2022 · 唐山市二模】 I'm going _ going to London and my sister's Ain a hurry Cas well Bin fact Das a result【答案】 C 5.<2022 · 河北正定中学第一次月考) 17The professor devoted all his life _the treatment of AIDSA to research Bin researching Cto researching Dat researching【答案】 C 6.<2022 · 河 北 正 定 中 学 第 一 次 月 考 ) 15 They experimented _the new medicine _animalsAon; to B by ; on 【答案】 C Cwith ; on D with; to7.<2022 · 唐 山 市 摸 底 ) 20 You had better not discuss the problem at the meetingYou may discuss it tea16 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Ain Bat Cfor Dover 【答案】 D 8.<2022 · 重庆师大附中第一次月考)35.To save the drowning child, the boy plunged into the icy water without hesitation, _ his own safety.A. despite of B. regardless of C. unaware ofD. because of【答案】 B9.<2022 · 浙江温州十校联考) 19We may be going skiing at Christmas, but its still all up _We ll probably make the decision the day after tomorrow.Ain the wild Bin the distance Cin the air Din the long run 【答案】 C 考查短语的含义;此处 up in the air 意为:悬而未决;10.<2022 · 浙江温州 八校 返校联 考) 27 Some classmates are against my plan while the majority are _ itAin view of Bin favor of C in honor of Din memory of【答案】 B 11.<2022· 浙江学军中学第一次月考) 30. Many of the scientists and engineers are judged how great their achievements are. A.in spite of B.in charge of C.in favor D.in 17 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - terms of 【答案】 D12.<2022· 广西玉林、南宁二中 9 月联考) 29 - Shall we visit Jim tonight. - OK. To make sure that he in, we better call him up .Ain exchange Bin return Cin briefDin advance 【答案】 D 13.<2022· 广西玉林、南宁二中 9 月联考) 30 - I take it if you reduce the price by 30%. - But it my power to sell it cheaper. Dagainst Abeyond Bwithout Coff 【答案】 A 14.<2022· 云南昆明一中第一次月考) 6The fridge produced by Haier is high quality and is not expensive either. A in Bfor Cto Dof 【答案】 D 15.<2022· 云南昆明一中第一次月考) 9Once made out, the law must be carried out _ any difficulty.of A regardless of Binstead of C because Din need of18 / 22 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页,共 22 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 【答案】 A 16.<2022· 浙江杭州西湖中学检测)33. The coach, because of the drivercarelessness, was _ and crashed over the cliff on such a cold December morning.Ain support Bout of control Cin charge Dat the mercy 【答案】 B17.<2022· 湖南长沙一中第一次月考)32 She is being pleased about it; she is very angryDfar from Cout of Afree from Bfree of 【答案】 D 18.<2022· 四川成都市摸底)