考研英语（一）第二部分阅读理解（下）.docx

考研英语（一）第二部分阅读理解（下）（江南博哥）材料题根据以下材料，回答126-130题When Apple launches its new software update for the iPhone on Wednesday, users will be offered the chance to surf the mobile Web without annoying ads cluttering up their screen.But Apple's support for ad-blocking technology is ringing alarm bells on Madison Avenue, where critics warn it threatens not only the lifeblood of their businessbut also the economic underpinnings of the free Internet."We don't think ad blocking is right", Scott Cunningham, senior vice president of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, told The Post.The rise of ad blockers is one of the biggest sea changes to affect the Internet ad business in decades, Cunningham said.For years, publishers have made what they believe is a fair trade-off with readers."Advertising is the economic engine that drives the free Internet," Cunningham said."The reality is the last 20 years have seen people developing content online for distribution, and consumers have opted in for that free content."While use of ad-blocking technology on desktop computers and mobile devices has been on the rise,Apple's commitment to it is a game changer.With iOS 9 , developers will be able to create ad-blocking software for Apple's Safari mobile browser.Apple's goal appears to be making the mobile Web a faster, cleaner and more pleasant all-around experience.But it could also have the effect of pushing publishers off the mobile Web and toward subscription services and paid apps, which is an area dominated by Apple.Already some Web publishers and content providers are turning away consumers who avail themselves of ad-busting technologies. Hulu is rejecting customers who use ad blockers, while the Washington Post blocks consumers from reading its site if it detects an ad blockerand redirects them to subscription pages.Whatever Apple's new ad-free vision is, executives across Madison Avenue are scrambling to figure out the ramifications."The free Internet is going to have a major problem, and that's a concern for all of us", Steve Carbone, the head of digital at MediaCom, told The Post, "It's a huge issue." MediaCom is part of media-buying giantGroupM, which is preparing to update clients on what it means for them.PageFair, a company that detects ad blockers,estimates there are 198 million users of ad blockers worldwide, including 45 million in the USand it's growing.The technology is particularly concentrated for users of gaming and tech sites and among millennials who advertisers most want to reach.Global mobile-advertising spending is predicted to hit $100 billion in 2016, according to eMarketer.Some Web publishers are working on technology that skirts ad blockers and serves up advertising regardless.That has some on Madison Avenue worried that consumers will blame their clients for overriding technology rather than the publishers."I can't stop the progression of technology", MediaCom's Carbone said, "I can only adapt to it."126 单选题 Opponents of Apple's new software claim that this technology will_A.undermine the current charging mode of Internet.B.break the balance between advertisement and payment.C.slash the competence of Apple's software development.D.decline the vibrancy of the whole Internet business.正确答案：A参考解析：critics warn it threatens not only the lifeblood of their businessbut also the economic underpinnings of the free Internet.批评者认为对广告的拦截会威胁到广告业的商业命脉，还会损害互联网免费的经济基础。 A“破坏当前的互联网收费模式”正确。127 单选题 What does the word "trade-off" mean in the passage?_A.Sacrificing the market for the progress of ad-blocking technology.B.Trading the user experience with the free Internet business.C.Permitting advertisement in exchange for free Internet surfing.D.Allowing consumer's participation for free online content.正确答案：C参考解析：publishers have made what they believe is a fair trade-off with readers. "Advertising is the economic engine that drives the free Internet," 出版商和读者之间已达成一致，出版商以广告推动免费互联网的发展，而消费者则可以免费获取网络信息.   所以trade-off 的内容就是允许广告的存在以换取使用网络的免费。C正确。128 单选题 According to the passage, Apple excels in_A.software detection.B.charging services.C.screening advertisement.D.technology creation.正确答案：B参考解析：Apple's goal appears to be making the mobile Web a faster, cleaner and more pleasant all-around experience.But it could also have the effect of pushing publishers off the mobile Web and toward subscription services and paid apps, which is an area dominated by Apple.苹果公司的做法会促使出版社从移动网络转向订阅服务和付费应用，而这一领域则是由苹果公司统治。B正确。129 单选题 Those whom marketers are most eager to approach are_A.ad-blocking supporters.B.technology followers.C.ad-free objectors.D.youngsters.正确答案：D参考解析：The technology is particularly concentrated for users of gaming and tech sites and among millennials who advertisers most want to reach. 大多是游戏和科技网站的用户，还有广告商最渴望触及的千禧一代，因此市场最渴望接触的是千禧一代。D正确。130 单选题 To deal with ad blockers, Web publishers are now_A.sidestepping ad-blocking technology.B.changing themselves to survive.C.protesting Apple's new practice.D.turning to consumers for help.正确答案：B参考解析：Some Web publishers are working on technology that skirts ad blockers and serves up advertising regardless.面对广告拦截技术，出版社的反应式开发出规避广告拦截软件发布广告的技术，最后又提到了出版商代表的卡蓬的观点：我只能去适应它。 所以出版商的做法是改变自己，适应趋势以生存，B正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答131-135题Physiology has been taught in British medical schools for a century and a half, but since about 1990, physiology teaching for medical students has been cut by more than fifty percent.During this time, medical student numbers have doubled.This bloating in numbers has outgrown the capacity of staff and space available to teach and accommodate them appropriately.Consequently, practical physiology training has been virtually eliminated.Physiology studies the relationships between living states at all levels of biological organization, from molecules to organ systems.It is the key to understanding organ function and dysfunction.Some view physiology as an old-fashioned and mechanical approach to science rooted in a philosophy antagonistic to the statistical methodologies adopted by clinical science, such as epidemiology and human population genetics.But in fact this view is baseless；physiology has long since rejected its historical distrust of statistical evidence and enthusiastically embraces new methods, abstract molecular genetics, which shed light on biological processes.Problem Based Learning (PBL), imported from North America was widely adopted in various guises throughout the UK medical schools during the 1990s. It avowedly aims to encourage self-directed learning and to erase the artificial barriers between theologies by promoting an integrated or "holistic" approach to medicine.It was also seen as a means of shifting the increased teaching load away from active researchers to non-specialist "facilitating" staff.But its adoption has meant a comprehensive loss of autonomy of the biological scientists who have participated in this venture.Clinicians now take a leading role in pre-clinical teaching, largely displacing pre-clinical scientists who are more in touch with basic physiological processes.Scientific content taught in the context of clinical problems omits much basic science, which is regarded as inessential digression from the clinical problems upon which the course is centered.PBL is much more appropriately suited to medical teaching in North America, where every medical student has studied biological sciences at college level prior to entering medical school.Undergraduate British medical students only rarely have equivalent experience, so realistically can only be expected to integrate knowledge and solve problems once they have acquired a firm understanding of basic sciences.Another factor contributing to the decline of physiology courses has been the loss of physiology departments as a result of their merging with schools of biological, life, health, or medical sciences.Resource allocation within the preclinical schools, formerly controlled by academics working at the pre-clinical faculty or departmental level, is now centralized and controlled by senior administrators and clinicians.The financial and man power resources are redirected toward the more highly prioritized needs of the medical school rather than to science departments. Although the "old fashioned approach" of incorporating extensive laboratory courses in physiology into medical and medical science courses is costly in time,labor and space, their omission may prove to be even more costly.Eventually British graduates will lose out to their competitors trained in Continental Europe, where universities mostly still devote serious attention to teaching practical skills to medical and science undergraduates.131 单选题 In the first paragraph, the author introduces his topic by_A.posing a contrast.B.justifying an assumption.C.making a comparison.D.explaining a phenomenon.正确答案：D参考解析：since about 1990, physiology teaching for medical students has been cut by more than fifty percent.  描述了当前的困境，并给出了结论。D正确。132 单选题 According to the passage, in its past records physiology was known for_A.resisting clinical science.B.questioning statistics.C.ignoring basic research.D.failing in innovation.正确答案：B参考解析：physiology has long since rejected its historical distrust of statistical evidence and enthusiastically embraces new methods, abstract molecular genetics, which shed light on biological processes.  生理学早已摒弃了其以往质疑统计数据的形象，现在能够积极接受新方法和阐明生物学过程的抽象分子遗传学。B正确。133 单选题 What is the difference of medical education between UK and North America?A.UK students face much man-made barriers in their medical study.B.UK students are mainly instructed by clinicians short of practice.C.North America students possess solid knowledge of basic sciences.D.North America students are granted more learning independence.正确答案：C参考解析：PBL is much more appropriately suited to medical teaching in North America, where every medical student has studied biological sciences at college level prior to entering medical school.Undergraduate British medical students only rarely have equivalent experience.   PBL模式更适合北美医学教学，因为北美的医科学生在进入医学院之前已经学习力了相当于大学水平的生物科学知识。英国本科阶段的医科学生很少会有类似的经历。C正确。134 单选题 According to the author, British students will lose the competition due to_A.the merging of physiology courses to medical schools.B.the shortage of recourses support to pre-clinical faculty.C.the disproportional attention to clinicians and scientists.D.the canceling of physiological laboratory training courses.正确答案：D参考解析：Another factor contributing to the decline of physiology courses has been the loss of physiology departments as a result of their merging with schools of biological, life, health, or medical sciences. 生理学系被其它院系合并造成的损失会更严重，英国毕业生最终会输给欧洲大陆的竞争对手。D正确。135 单选题 Which of the following could be the proper title of the text?A.The Decline of Physiology in Medical Education of the UKB.The Critical Inefficiency in Medical Education Faced by the UKC.The Consequences of Failed Decision in Physiology EducationD.The Necessary Reversion to Physiology Teaching in the UK正确答案：A参考解析：全文从第一段提到生理学课程，到后面解释了为什么生理学课程的减少，全文是围绕英国医学教育体系中生理学的衰退而展开。A正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答136-140题The outcry over Internet firms' habit of surreptitiously tracking web surfers' activities has clearly resonated inside the White House.On March 16th the Obama administration announced that it intends to work with Congress to produce "a privacy bill of rights" giving American consumers greater control over how their information is collected and used by digital marketers.Those who have been lobbying for change agree with, but are unsympathetic to, Internet firms' supreme worries that such a law could dent their advertising-driven business models, which rely on tracking and targeting consumers to maximize revenues."This is dimming the prospects of Google, Facebook and other digital ad companies", says Jeffrey Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy.Quite how dark things get for them will depend on the details of the bill.It will seek to lay down the basic principles of Internet privacy rights, broadly following recommendations published last December by the Department of Commerce.The department's report said consumers should be told more about why data are being collected about them and how they are used; and it called for stricter limits on what companies can do with information they collect.Whatever legislation finally emerges is likely to give a broader role to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which will almost certainly be charged with deciding how those principles are translated into practice and with policing their implementation.Among other things, the FTC is known to be keen on a formal "do not track" system, which would allow users to block certain sites from monitoring their online activities.Keen to avoid this, the online-advertising industry has been working overtime to convince policymakers that it can police itself using systems such as icons on web pages that show surfers when they are being tracked.And it is warning anyone who will listen that consumers will suffer if tough do-not-track rules hit ad revenues,forcing web firms to charge for more content.With Mr. Obama throwing his weight behind Internet privacy, this rearguard action is less likely to be successful.Some ad firms have started talking of creating a do-not-track system of their own, that would limit the damage to their digital activities.Although all this may dent their revenues,America's Internet giants could also benefit from the legislation if it helps them in their dealings with the European Union.The EU's already fairly strict rules on privacywhich it considers a fundamental human rightare being tightened further.The time-consuming and expensive legal hoops the EU makes American Internet firms jump through, to be allowed to handle Europeans' online data, will become more demanding.If by passing its own online-privacy "bill of rights" America can convince the EU to ease this legal burden, then it will be an important win for American companies, says Joel Reidenberg, a professor at Fordham University's law school.Google, Facebook and others will no doubt be trackingboth online and offlinethe progress of EU-American talks on this matter very closely.136 单选题 It can be learned from the first paragraph that Internet firms_A.incurred opposition.B.raised suspicion.C.received acclaim.D.aroused curiosity.正确答案：A参考解析：The outcry over Internet firms' habit of surreptitiously tracking web surfers' activities has clearly resonated inside the White House.互联网公司喜欢偷偷追踪网站浏览者的活动，由此引发的强烈抗议显然已经在白宫内部产生了共鸣，奥巴马政府宣布将于国会合作出台法案。可见，互联网公司的这一嗜好遭到了强烈反对。A正确。137 单选题 What is the utmost concern of Internet companies about the privacy bill?A.More demanding users.B.Overlapping digital data.C.Ever-increasing user base.D.Shrinking ad r