考研英语（一）第二部分阅读理解（上）.docx

考研英语（一）第二部分阅读理解（上）（江南博哥）材料题根据下面资料，回答1-5题For several weeks the world has watched as India's citizensincluding academics and studentshave taken to the streets. Tens of thousands have been gathering to read out the preamble to the Indian constitution, as a mark of protest against a discriminatory new citizenship law. The law provides a path to citizenship for recent refugees from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan. It is a means to providing permanent sanctuary for religious minorities fleeing hardship or persecution in these countriesan intention that is to be commended. What is troubling is that decisions on who canand cannotapply for citizenship will be made on the basis of religious belief.Tragically, some of the peaceful protests are being met with violence, and university campuses are not immune. The latest high-profile incident took place at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, where students have also been protesting over an increase in accommodation fees. On the evening of 5 January, people wearing masks and carrying iron rods, stones and wooden clubs entered the campus and launched an attack. However, the city's police failed to provide protection. In mid-December, police entered two of India's older universities and students were beaten, property was damaged and tear gas used. Both institutions had to close temporarily, disrupting teaching and research. Jamia Millia's vice-chancellor said that it is not acceptable for police to harm innocent students.The severity of the police action has rightly prompted a chorus of international concern.Among those speaking up are the Nobel prize winners Abhijit Banerjee, an economist and JNU alumnus now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, who is also critical of the new law.Many of the government's supporters are upset that university students, academics and scientists are also opposing the new law. But they must know that freedom of expression is core to a university's mission；that the ability of citizens to protest peacefully against government policies is a right, not a privilege. Without it, no opposition would be able to present its case to the publicas members of the current government and its supporters did in the years they were out of power.Academics in India are right to be alarmed and to speak up, because force has been used on university campuses, causing fear. India's authorities must take the necessary steps to protect their nation's universities and their people's freedom of speech. They must heed the words of the prime minister's principal scientific adviser, Krishnaswamy VijayRaghavan, who said unequivocally："Campuses are places for learning, discussion and research. There is no place at all for violence."1 单选题 According to the first paragraph, what is the function of India's New Citizenship Law?A.To provide a way for refugees to earn citizenshipB.To provide sanctuary for religious majoritiesC.To confirm the preamble to the Indian constitutionD.To decide religious belief of the applicants正确答案：A参考解析：It is a means to providing permanent sanctuary for religious minorities fleeing hardship or persecution in these countriesan intention that is to be commended.   为逃离这些国家的苦难者或受迫害的宗教少数群体提供永久避难所的一种手段，A符合题意。2 单选题 University campuses are not immune to violence because_A.students are involved in peaceful protestsB.the property of universities has been damagedC.international communities are showing concernsD.the police has failed to provide protection正确答案：D参考解析：On the evening of 5 January, people wearing masks and carrying iron rods, stones and wooden clubs entered the campus and launched an attack. However, the city's police failed to provide protection. 第二段描述了学生的和平抗议及遭到的暴力对待：尼赫鲁大学学生抗议住宿费的上涨，1月5日人们进入校园发动袭击；12月中旬警方进入印度两所大学，殴打学生，破坏学校财产，甚至使用催泪瓦斯。所以校园不能免于遭受暴力的原因是警方未能提供保护反而暴力镇压抗议活动。D正确。3 单选题 Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 4?A.Some scientists are uneasy about opposing the new lawB.The opposition has no way to convey his ideas to the publicC.It is necessary to guarantee people's freedom of expressionD.It is a privilege of citizens to protest against government policies正确答案：C参考解析：But they must know that freedom of expression is core to a university's mission；that the ability of citizens to protest peacefully against government policies is a right, not a privilege. Without it, no opposition would be able to present its case to the publicas members of the current government and its supporters did in the years they were out of power.   第四段指出没有言论自由是大学的核心使命，没有言论自由任何反对党就无法向公众表达自己的立场，现在的政府成员当初也经历过没有言论自由的时刻，所以他们知道言论自由的重要性。C正确。4 单选题 What can we infer from the words of Krishnaswamy?A.He was against the actions of Indian scholarsB.He supported the implementation of the new lawC.He found campuses are places for violenceD.He advocated the protection of universities正确答案：D参考解析：They must heed the words of the prime minister's principal scientific adviser, Krishnaswamy VijayRaghavan, who said unequivocally："Campuses are places for learning, discussion and research. There is no place at all for violence." 最后一句Krishnaswamy表示校园是学习、讨论和研究的场所，不应该有暴力存在。 所以D正确。5 单选题 which of the following may be the best title of the text?A.Protect India's UniversitiesB.Carry out a New Citizenship LawC.Focus on the Police ActionD.Guard People's Freedom正确答案：A参考解析：文章从新法律的颁发，到暴力镇压大学的和平抗议活动，提出了言论自由的重要性，该文章想通过大学校园中和平抗议活动遭到暴力镇压的事件，表达印度社会各方应保护印度的大学及其言论自由，所以选项A为正确答案。材料题根据下面资料，回答6-10题One thing scientists are sure will happen as the world warms is that the seas will rise,putting millions of people at risk of land erosion, flooding and permanent displacement. But ask experts exactly how far oceans will advance, and their answer gets far more qualified.A study published May 20 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that previous estimates of how bad sea-level rise could get were too conservativeand that coastal communities must contemplate more severe, long-term impacts from humans' addiction to fossil fuels.Researchers asked leading experts on the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to provide their best updated estimates for the future of these frozen masses as temperatures spike.Aggregating these, the researchers concluded that the range of outcomes scientists now consider possible has shifted markedly toward more melting and, therefore, higher seas.For example, in a business-as-usual scenario, the median estimate from the United Nations' last major climate report should have been more than doubled. In fact, the researchers found that it is unlikely, but plausible, that the oceans could rise a staggering 6.5 feet by 2100 if emissions levels continue to be high. That would swamp roughly as much territory as is contained in all of Western Europe and make 187 million people homeless.Since the United Nations' last major climate assessment, the scientists watching the Earth's major ice sheets have witnessed massive ice losses and tried to better model the way the sheets fracture, how liquid water interacts with the solid stuff, and the instability of ice cliffs. They have also done more to assess how these ice sheets behaved in previous warming epochs. They have not been able to provide more precise estimates for how bad things could get except to say the outlook is worse than they thought previously. As with many effects of human-forced planetary warming, the precise nature of some consequences will be known only after they occur, when it is too late.It is this sort of uncertainty that opponents of addressing global warming have played up to argue against action. Yet although it is possible to contemplate less-bad consequences at one unlikely end of the probability spectrum, it is also possible to foresee absolutely devastating results on the other end. And, as scientists have continued to refine their understanding of Earth systems, the distribution of the scenarios that seem probable has tended to move in the wrong direction.President Trump and those in his administration ignore scientists' increasingly dire warnings to the peril of their children, grandchildren and the rest of humanity.6 单选题 The word "qualified" (Line 3, Para. 1) is the closest in meaning to_A.ExaggeratedB.reservedC.revisedD.certificated正确答案：B参考解析：划横线句子前段描写是的海平面上上所带来的威胁，然后but转折，向专家咨询海水上涨的具体情况答复的数字应该是非常模糊，不具体的。后面一句最新发表的一项报告称，先前对于海水上升程度的估计太过保守。二者都在谈论对专家估计的看法，因为两个句子并列且没有转折由此可知，qualified与第三句中的conservative意思应该相近，B符合题意。7 单选题 The United Nations' last major climate report is mentioned to_A.explain the relationship between ice melting and sea-level riseB.prove the collapse of the world's ocean ecosystemsC.show the conservativeness of the previous calculationD.stress the devastation of global warining to people in coastal areas正确答案：C参考解析：the United Nations' last major climate report should have been more than doubled， 联合国最近的报告中的预测中间值是原来的两倍多，实际情况可能会很糟糕，通过对这些数据的汇总，研究人员得出结论，冰盖融化的范围远超科学家现在的推测范围，因此，海平面上升的程度要比推测的更高。”由此可见，二者都在说明原来科学家所做的预测数据低得多，过于保守。C正确。8 单选题 It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_A.scientists have already constructed accurate ice-sheet modelsB.people tend to turn a death ear to scientists' precise estimatesC.humans awaken to the peril of global warming until it is too lateD.the true nature of some consequences is entirely predictable正确答案：C参考解析：As with many effects of human-forced planetary warming, the precise nature of some consequences will be known only after they occur, when it is too late.   第三段前面描述了科学家评估大型冰盖消融的情况，但是不能给出更精确的评估。一些后果的确切情形只有在发生之后才能得知。D符合题意。9 单选题 The author seems to view the Trump administration withA.criticismB.appreciationC.indulgenceD.sympathy正确答案：A参考解析：President Trump and those in his administration ignore scientists' increasingly dire warnings to the peril of their children, grandchildren and the rest of humanity. 倒数第二段提到尽管有不确定性。但是后果不太严重的可能性很小，但特朗普总统及其政府任置若罔闻。所以作者的态度是批判的。A正确、10 单选题 In this text, the author mainly discusses thatA.the oceans provide a cushion against the warming planetB.scientists cannot precisely predict the consequences of ice meltingC.the results of sea-level rise will be more worse than we expectedD.the policymaker should take actions to tackle the environmental problems正确答案：C参考解析：对于全球变暖造成的海平面上升程度，此前的估计太过保守，实际情况将远比我们想象的严重。然后提到了虽然具有不确定性，但是可能性很小并且人类可能面临毁灭性的危险，但是还是有及个别国家及其政府对此置若罔闻，可见全文都在讲述海平面上升的严重程度远超我们的预期，选项C“海平面上升的结果将比我们预期的更糟”意思与此相近，故为答案。材料题根据下面资料，回答11-15题In its prime Goldman Sachs was exceptional Fifteen years ago, just before the global financial crisis, the bank easily outshone its Wall Street rivalswinningthe most lucrative deals and making the most profitable trades. It printed money, both for shareholders and employees. Although the crisis imperiled the firm along with the rest of the banking industry, it navigated the chaos relatively well. Success allowed it to be haughtywhile other banks engaged in the grubby game of sucking up to investors, Goldman remained secretive and enigmatic.How times have changed. This week the firm held its first investor day, led by David Solomon, who took over as chief executive last year. It comes after a long period of underperformance. A dollar invested in Goldman in 2010 would be worth just $1.60 today. A dollar wagered on JPMorgan Chase would be worth $4.10. Goldman has become a laggard.Its predicament reflects two big changes in Western banking. One is the declining profitability of capital-markets activity, in large part the result of tighter rules, including higher capital requirements for riskier activity, penalties on lenders that rely on debt markets to fund themselves and tighter compliance regimes. The second is the rising importance of technology in the industry, as consumers and corporate borrowers shift to digital banking. This appears to give an immediate advantage to very large lenders that can support huge IT budgets, and to big tech platform firms that have vast numbers of customers who can be sold financial products, as is already the case in much of Asia.Goldman has been on the wrong side of these trends. Mr Solomon's new plan is, in part, to become more like JPMorgan Chase, with a broader range of services and funding. Goldman wants to expand Marcus, its fast-growing consumer arm, and also to build out its transaction-banking division that ships money around the world for companies. It plans to attract more deposits, which are typically the cheapest way to fund a bank. It has hired an army of tech experts. All this, Goldman hopes, will raise its return on tangible equity to 14%.Goldman says it recognizes the need for fundamental reform. It boasts of transforming its macho culture with a more diverse intake of recruits. But you can question how much it has really changed. It continues to allocate half its capital to its once-famed trading operation, despite its drab returns. And it still spends a lavish $12bn a year on rewarding its staff, even as the firm earned only $8bn for its shareholders in 2019. If Goldman's reinvention fails it may ultimately have to do a deal. Uniting Wells Fargo and Goldman, for example, would create something more like JPMorgan Chase.11 单选题 Which of the following represents change of times?A.JPMorgan Chase surpassed Goldman Sachs in profit makingB.The global financial crisis struck Wall Street banking industryC.Goldman Sachs didn't exceed its rivals until financial crisisD.Goldman Sachs has fallen behind and held its first investor day正确答案：D参考解析：This week the firm held its first investor day, led by David Solomon, who took over as chief executive last year. It comes after a long period of underperformance. 第一段描写了高盛集团的辉煌。然后第二段描写了他举办的投资者活动，因为很长一段时间里高盛的业绩表现不佳。“高盛已经落后并且第一次举办了投资者日活动”反映了高盛从辉煌到落后的变化，所以选项D为正确答案。12 单选题 The factors that lead to changes in Western banking are_A.tighter regulation and the rise of digital bankingB.penalties on lenders and the importance of technologyC.tighter compliance regimes and an upgrade of servicesD.higher capital requirement and huge IT budgets正确答案：A参考解析：Its predicament reflects two big changes in Western banking. One is the declining profitability of capital-markets activity, in large part the result of tighter rules,The second is the rising importance of technology in the industry, as consumers and corporate borrowers shift to digital banking. 该段描述了银行业的两大主要变化：资本市场活动的盈利不断下降和技术在银行业的重要性日益上升。第一个变化的原因是tighter rules，第二个变化的原因是consumers and corporate borrowers shift to digital banking，所以A符合题意。13 单选题 In what way does Goldman's new plan make it more like JPMorgan Chase?A.to provide more extensive servicesB.to increase its rate of return to 14%C.to recruit more diverse employeesD.to invest more in trading operation正确答案：A参考解析：Goldman has been on the wrong side of these trends. Mr Solomon's new plan is, in part, to become more like JPMorgan Chase, with a