倒金字塔结构的新闻文体特点.docx

为了说明“倒金字塔构造的新闻文体特点，现举美联社2001年1月22日的一篇报道为例：NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST，2001 28 Killed in Colombia Landslide By JUAN PABLO TORO Associated Press Writer FILADELFIA ColombiaAPRain-softened walls of a condemned strip mine crashed down on scores of gold miners in western Colombia ThursdayKilling at least 28 and leaving 40 others missing，authorities said第二段增加了新的新闻事实：金矿坍塌的遇难者是贫民，虽然政府告说由于侵蚀使采矿危险，但他们置假设罔闻；金矿的坍塌可能是由于非法的开采以及近日的大雨造成的。这一段支持并扩展了导语。The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnings that erosion had the mine unsafe.It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rains were to blame for the accident 第四、五、七、八段讲述了来自红十字、民防组织以及各方救护人员的救援进展情况。第六段也是对导语的进一步扩展：官方宣布事故中有28人死亡，至少40人失踪；有32名矿工受伤被送往医院。Survivors said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in 第三段是背景材料。利用事故的生还者的所见所闻讲述当时的情景：共发生了两次塌方，第二次的塌方将赶去救援的矿工也吞没。Filadelfia，a small town 120 miles west of BogotáThe second avalanche buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed in the first avalancheRescuers shoveled furiously for hours in hopes of finding som-ebody alive，butonly recovered bodiesAs night fell Thursday，national disaster chief Eduardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding anyone alive waned as crews prepared to suspend operationsThe search was to resume FridayGonzalez said 28 bodies had been recovered，and at least 40 people were missingThirty-two miners were reported injured and taken to hospitals. Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene，many of them anguished and weepingrelativesEmergency crews from the Red Cross and the civil defense forces were using heavy machinery to remove the thick mud spread over the siteComplicating the recovery effort，huge pools of water had seeped into the site from a river running up to the hillsideused by the miners to rinse gold particles from dirt第九、十、十一与第十二段也是背景材料，利用目击者的所见所闻进一步描述了金矿坍塌时的情景。Survivors said the earth crashed down without warning on a group of about 200 people trying to scrape gold from the well-worn hill-sideThe workers were toiling with shovels and picks inside a deep hole they had carved into the hill.10.The cavern had no structural supportsMany workers managed to scramble out of the way or crawl out from beneath the mud. Others were not so lucky11.“We heard a very loud sound and the hill suddenly fell down upon us，said20-year-old Manuel Loaiza“I was trapped up to my knees but some of the others dragged me out12.Loaiza said he made less than 9 a day at the crude mineHis 39-year-old uncle is still missing under the mud第十三、十四与第十五段均是与新闻事实有关的次重要的材料：这个金矿几个月以前就关闭了，但由于经济衰退人们又重操旧业；山体滑坡是哥伦比亚最常见的自然灾害。13.According to Julian Arboleda，an aide to Caldas State governor Luis Alfonso Arias, officials ordered the mine closed several months agoBut residents thrown out of work by Colombia's economic downturn took the risk of working there anyway, Arboleda said14.Landslides triggered by rains are Colombias most common natural disaster，killing dozens of people annually.Thursdaysaccident was the worst such tragedy in recent years15.According to the governments disaster relief agency，nearly 200 people died in a poor neighborhood in the city of Medellin when a 1987 landslide buried their housesLandslides buried 150 dam workers in 1983 and a rescue team sent on their behalf首先要注意消息报道导语第一段里的“电头dateline“FILADELFIA，ColombiaAP即“美联社发自哥伦比亚费拉达菲亚的消息。美联社新闻报道的时间通常置于消息的最前面NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST，即美国的标准时11月22日19点43分。 第一段十分简单明了地告诉读者：星期四，哥伦比亚西部的一天金矿由于大雨而发生坍塌，至少28人死亡，40人失踪。第二段增加了新的新闻事实：金矿坍塌的遇难者是贫民，虽然政府告说由于侵蚀使采矿危险，但他们置假设罔闻；金矿的坍塌可能是由于非法的开采以及近日的大雨造成的。这一段支持并扩展了导语。第三段是背景材料。利用事故的生还者的所见所闻讲述当时的情景：共发生了两次塌方，第二次的塌方将赶去救援的矿工也吞没。第四、五、六、七以及第八段均是与主要新闻事实有关的次重要材料。第四、五、七、八段讲述了来自红十字、民防组织以及各方救护人员的救援进展情况。第六段也是对导语的进一步扩展：官方宣布事故中有28人死亡，至少40人失踪；有32名矿工受伤被送往医院。第九、十、十一与第十二段也是背景材料，利用目击者的所见所闻进一步描述了金矿坍塌时的情景。第十三、十四与第十五段均是与新闻事实有关的次重要的材料：这个金矿几个月以前就关闭了，但由于经济衰退人们又重操旧业；山体滑坡是哥伦比亚最常见的自然灾害。 通过分析我们可以看出这篇新闻报道是典型的“倒金字塔构造，导语是一段简单清楚的表达。随后的数段对导语进展了解释、补充与扩展，有利地支撑了导语。在导语中根本将“五个W，一个H交代清楚。它所答复的问题分列如下：Whogold miners Whatwere killed WhenThursdayNov22Wherein western Colombia Whythe walls of mine were softened by rain Howwere killedby crash 应该说明，记者即使采用“倒金字塔构造，也不一定在导语中全部都包括五个W与一个H，或许只有三个或四个W，另外一个或两个W出现在下面的段落里,这也是常见的。第 5 页