It作形式主语和形式宾语的用法详解.doc

新希望英语语法精讲-“It作形式主语和形式宾语“It作形式主语和形式宾语的用法详解 It作形式主语和形式宾语用法，是英语学习的主要语法工程之一。无论是单项选择，还是完行填空，it用法始终是反复考察的重、热点之一。现将it在特殊句型中作形式主语和形式宾语用法，进展如下归纳分析，以供学习参考。 一、 It 用作形式主语 当不定式短语、动名词短语或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子构造前后平衡，防止头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 e.g. It is wrong to tell a lie. (说谎是错误的。) It为to tell a lie的形式主语 It is no use arguing about it. (争吵是没用的。) It为arguing about it的形式主语 It is uncertain who will come. (谁要来还不确定。) It为who will come的形式主语 It 作形式主语的常见句型： It + be + 形容词 + to do sth. / doing / that . e.g. It is very important to learn a foreign language. (学一门外语非常重要。) It is useless crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。) It was really surprising that she married a man like that.(她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶。) It + be +名词词组 + doing / that . e.g. It is no good telling lies. (撒谎没好处。) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film yesterday. (你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。) It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party. (没有共产党就没有新中国，这是毋庸质疑的。) It + be + 过去分词 + that . 该句型常见动词有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc. e.g. It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. (据说他们创造了一种新型电脑。) It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world. (大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。) It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami. (据报道，至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生。) It + seems / appears / happens等不及物动词 + that . e.g. It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much.(似乎他非常喜欢流行歌曲。) It appears that Tom might change his mind. (看来汤姆可能会改变主意。) 假设句子是疑问形式，就只能用it作形式主语。 e.g. Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow (他们明天不来很重要吗？) Is it true that he will go abroad next week (他下周出国是真的吗？) It + takes + (sb.) + some time + to do sth. 这是一个表示“某人花多少时间干某事的句型，其中it是形式主语，代替后面的不定式to do sth.，句型中的sb.也可以省略。 e.g. It took me some time to read the reading materials.(我花了一些时间才读完那段阅读材料。)It took him fourteen hours to go to New Zealand from Shanghai by plane.(从上海乘飞机去新西兰花了他14小时。)How long does it take you to go to Beijing from Qingdao by train (从青岛坐火车到北京一般要花多久时间？)I am not sure, but I think it takes at least nine hours to get there. (我不能肯定，但估计至少要九个钟头才能到那儿。) 二、It 用作形式宾语 当不定式短语、动名词短语或从句在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子构造平衡，防止句式构造的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it仍只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 以下四种情况须用it 作形式宾语： 当不定式短语、动名词短语或从句在复合宾语构造中作某些动词的宾语时如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等；e.g. They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese.他们发现与我们中国人一起工作很愉快。 I dont feel it difficult to understand the Special English. 我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难。 He makes it a rule never to borrow money. 他立志决不向别人借钱。 I think it no need talking about it with them. 我认为没必要跟他们谈。 某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句； e.g. I dont like it that hes so lazy. 我不喜欢他那么懒惰。 I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs. 我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。 that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语； e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you. 尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。 Would you see to it that she gets home early 你负责保证她早到家，好吗？ He insisted on it that he was innocent. 他坚持说自己是无辜的。 由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句假设作该动词的宾语时，须借用it。 e.g. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it. 我让你自己判断这事是否该做。 We owe it to you that there wasnt a serious accident. 多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。 练习一 1. Is _ necessary to complete the design before National Day A. this B. that C. it D. he2. I dont think _ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A. this B. that C. its D. it3. Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time A. this B. that C. he D. it4. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _ didnt help. A. he B. which C. she D. it5. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It6. I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. these D. them7. Dont _ that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be the most successful. A. take as granted B. take this for granted C. take that for granted D. take it for granted8. I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one 练习二 1. _ happened _ he is unfit for the office.A. This; that B. That; that C. It; that D. He; that2. We took _ for granted that they would accept our advice.A. that B. this C. it D. them3. _ that the scientist will give us a talk next monthA. Is true B. Is it true C. Its true D. Its truly4. _ doesnt matter much _ dress you are going to wear.A. This; that B. That; who C. It; which D. It; who5. _ is going to America for further study. A. He is said that B. People said that he C. It was said he D. It is said that he6. They are good friends. _ is no wonder that they know each other so well.A. This B. That C. There D. It7. Is _ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceshipA. this B. there C. that D. it8. She liked _ when he kissed her. A. him B. that C. one D. it9. _ will do you good to do some exercise every morning. A. It B. There C. Those D. One10. We think _ our duty to pay taxes to our government.A. that B. this C. its D. it Key: 练习一1-8 CDDDDADC 练习二1-5 CCBCD 6-10 DDDADit作形式主语和形式宾语it既可作人称代词，用来表示动物或无生命的物体等，也可以作无人称代词，在句中作主语，表示“时间、“距离、“天气等。它还可以引导强调句，使语气得以加强。此外，it在句中能作引导词，充当句子中的形式上的成分，如形式主语、形式宾语等。 it作形式主语：it作形式主语时没有具体的意义，而只是帮助把真正的主语移到句子后部去，使句子显得平稳一些。it作形式主语时，可以代替三种形式：不定式、动名词和主语从句。1. it代替不定式短语 常用于以下句型中：It + be +形容词 + (for/of sb.) to do sth.It + be + 名词 + to do sth.It takes sb. some time to do sth. 干花了某人时间Its up to sb. to do sth. 干是某人的职责或义务如：It is everyones duty to obey the law.遵守法律是每个人的义务。 it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to obey the lawIt is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.对于一个外国人来说，学习汉语是困难的。 it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to learn ChineseIt is not right to use these places as rubbish dumps.把这些地方用来倒垃圾是不对的。it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to use these places as rubbish dumpsIt took them a year to build the bridge.建这座桥花了他们一年的时间。 it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to build the bridgeIt is bad manners to stare at people.瞪着眼睛看人是不礼貌的。 it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to stare at peopleIt is up to us to help those in need.帮助那些有困难的人是我们的责任。 it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to help those in needIt is not up to you to tell me how to do my job.我怎样干我的工作不用你来多嘴。 it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to tell me how to do my job It be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth.与It be + 形容词+of sb. to do sth.：如果句型中的形容词描述的是sb.的品质、品格，在逻辑上可以作sb.的表语，那么sb.前应用介词of，否那么就用for。如：Its necessary for us to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.我们用一台短波收音机收听这些节目是必要的。Its important for us to learn English well.学好英语对我们来说是重要的。Its kind of you to help me.感谢你对我的帮助。= You are kind to help me. It was foolish of him to give up the job.他放弃那工作是愚蠢的= He was foolish to give up the job. it代替动名词短语：动名词作主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍，常限于no good, no use, useless, waste等词的后面。 It is no good/ use having a car if you cant drive.如果你不会开车，有车也没用。( it作形式主语,代替动名词短语having a car)It is a waste of time watching TV.看电视是浪费时间。 it作形式主语,代替动名词短语watching TVIt is no use asking him.问他没有用。 it作形式主语,代替动名词短语asking himIt is no use talking to him about it.和他谈这事没有用。 it作形式主语,代替动名词短语talking to him about it it代替主语从句：这个主语从句可以用连词that引导，也可以用连接代词或连接副词引导。如：It was clear that they had no desire for peace.很清楚他们没有和平的诚意。 it作形式主语,代替主语从句that they had no desire for peaceIt is doubtful whether she will be able to come.她能否来还很难说。 it作形式主语,代替主语从句whether she will be able to comeIt was clear enough what she meant.她的意思是够清楚的。 it作形式主语,代替主语从句what she meantIt hasnt been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.还没明确宣布新路什么时候通车。 it作形式主语,代替主语从句when the new road is to be opened to trafficIt is a mystery to me how it all happened.这都是怎么发生的对于我来说还是一个谜。 it作形式主语,代替主语从句how it all happened用it作形式主语，把真正的主语从句移至后面的常见句型有： It is a pity/ a shame/ a fact/ an honour/ good news/ no wonder/ a wonder that如：It was a pity that the engineer couldnt come.可惜工程师没能够来。It is a wonder that he continues to gamble when he always loses!令人惊讶的是他一直输还一直赌。It isno wonder (that) you were late!难怪你来晚了。It is a shame that the rain spoiled our picnic.真可惜，这场雨把我们的野餐给搅了。It is a fact that English is being accepted as international language.英语被认为是国际语言，这是一个事实。 It is + 形容词如： strange/ natural/ surprising/ obvious/ true/ fortunate/ wonderful/ funny/ possible/ impossible/ likely/ unlikely/ clear/ unusual/ certain/ importantthat 如：It is certain that he will win.他一定会取胜。It is important that we should learn from each other and help each other.我们应当互相学习，互相帮助，这是很重要的。It was obvious that the child had been badly treated.很显然那个孩子受过虐待。It is likely that he will ring me tonight.他今晚可能给我打 。It is strange that he should have left without telling us. 真奇怪，他也没说一声就走了。It is unlikely that their group will get ahead of us. 他们小组不会赶到我们前头去。 It seems/ happened/ turned out/ suddenly struck me/ occurred to methat 如：It happened that I wasnt there that day. 恰好那天我不在那里。It seems that his idea is more practical.看起来他的意见更实际一些。It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem.我突然想起我知道怎样解决那个问题。 It + be + 过去分词如：said/ reported/ announced/ decided/ expected/ hoped/ known/ believedthat如：It is hoped that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon.(相当于：People hope that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon)人们希望鹿的数目将会很快增加。It is said that nothing has been done about it. 据说至今对此没采取任何措施。It is reported that more than twenty people were killed in that bus accident.据报道在那次的公共汽车事故中有二十多人丧生。It is known that he is one of the best teachers in our school.大家都知道他是我们学校最好的教师之一。It is believed that the flood there is the biggest in 100 years.据认为那儿的洪水是百年来最大的洪水。* 注意要在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposedthat的主语从句中用虚拟语气：(should) + 动词原形如：It is requested that he give a performance at the party.有人请求他在聚会上表演一个节目。It is suggested that we should get everything ready by tonight.建议一切在今晚准备好。It is ordered that the radio be sent there at once.据命令，这台收音机要立刻送到那里去。 It doesnt matter +连接代词或副词It doesnt make too much difference +连接代词或副词如：It doesnt matter whether he comes or not.他来还是不来都没关系。It wont make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.你今天去也好，明天去也好，关系不大。 it作形式宾语：it作形式宾语时，可以代替三种形式：不定式、动名词和宾语从句。it作形式宾语时，需具备两个条件： 真正的宾语是不定式、动名词或从句 有宾语补足语具备了这两个条件，形式宾语it一定要用。1. it代替不定式短语think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard+ it +形容词/名词 + 不定式短语如：I find it pleasant to work with him.(it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to work with him)我觉得和他一起工作很愉快。They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time. it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to finish the work in such a short time他们认为在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是困难的。She thinks it her duty to help us. it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to help us她觉得帮助我们是她的责任。I think it my honor to be invited to speak here. it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to be invited to speak here我觉得应邀在这儿演讲是我的荣耀。Tom didnt find it difficult to write letters in Chinese. it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to write letters in Chinese汤姆发现用汉语写信不难。All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work. it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to go on with the work这些噪音使我无法继续工作。 it代替动名词短语( 这只限于少数句型，在多数情况下用不定式时更多一些)如：The professor considers it no good reading without understanding.这位教授认为阅读而不理解没有益处。Do you consider it any good trying again你觉得再试会有好处吗？He found it useless( no use) arguing with him.他发现和他辩论没有用。He thought it absolutely senseless attempting the impossible.想做不可能的事情，他认为是完全没道理的。I dont think it worthwhile going to such a place.到这样一个地方去我看是不值得的。 it代替宾语从句：如：We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.会议取消了我们都感到很遗憾。I took it for granted that they were not coming.我想他们准是不会来的了。Ill see to it that everything is ready in time.我负责使一切都按时准备好。 含it 的常用句型英语中有一些固定句型中含有it,应注意这些句型的使用。1. It be + 被强调局部 + that/ who + 其他成分强调句型可以强调一个句子的主语、宾语、表语及状语等成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人的词，可以用that或who(whom)连接其他成分；被强调的成分是表示人以外的词，例如表示事物、时间或地点的词，用that连接其他成分。例如我们可以用强调句型强调以下句子的主语如、宾语如、地点状语如及时间状语如I met Peter in Japan last year. It was I who/that met Peter in Japan last year. It was Peter whom/that I met in Japan last year. It was in Japan that I met Peter last year. It was last year that I met Peter in Japan.* not until 也可用于强调句型例1Mr Brown didnt come back until eleven oclock.可变为：It was not until eleven oclock thatMr Brown came back.例2 The rain didnt stop until midnight.可变为：It was not until midnight that the rain stopped.* 强调句也可变为特殊疑问句例1It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.可变为：When was it that the PRC was founded例2 Your dad worked in this factory two years ago.可变为：Where was it that your dad worked two years ago2Its + 地点状语+ that 强调句Its +地点名词+ where (定语从句)如：It is the town where I was born.(the town 为地点名词，定语从句)这是我出生的镇子。It was in the town that I was born.(in the town为地点状语，强调句型)我出生在这个镇子。3.Its + 时间名词+ when(时间状语从句) Its + 时间状语 +that(强调句)如：It was at 8 oclock that he returned.(at 8 oclock是时间状语，强调句)他是在八点钟回来的。It was 8 oclock when he returned.(8 oclock 是时间名词，时间状语从句)他回来的时候是八点钟。4. if it is convenient to you 如果你方便的话如：If it is convenient to you, you can start tomorrow.如果方便的话，你明天可以动身。5. believe it or not 信不信由你如：Believe it or not, Ill go abroad next month.不管你信还是不信，我下个月要出国。Believer it or not, we were left waiting in the rain for two hours.信不信由你我们冒雨等了两个小时。6. Its time thatdid / should do (定语从句)如：It is time that I went and picked up my daughter from school.我该去学校接我女儿放学了。Its high time that we stopped/should stop this practice.我们确实该停顿这种做法了。7. It is /has beensincedid(时间状语从句)如：It is just a week since we arrived here.我们来这里已一星期了。8.It wont be before用不了多长时间就会It will bebefore得过多长时间才It wasnt before没过多长时间就It wasbefore过了多长时间才It will be a long time before we finish the task.我们还需要很长时间才能完成这项任务。It wasnt long before he learned to use the computer.不久他就学会使用计算机了。It was some time before he told me about this affair.过了一段时间之后他告诉了我这件事。It wont be long before we meet again.不久之后我们还会再见面的。 易混用其他句型英语中有一些句型不含it, 但却易被误用了it，常见的有以下句型： There is something/nothing wrong/ the matter with sb./ sth.如：There is nothing wrong /the matter with him. Hes just pretending.他没什么事，他只是在装呢。2. There is no doubt about对毫不疑心 There is no doubt that对毫不疑心如：There is no doubt about his suitability for the job.毫无疑问，他适合这个工作。There is no doubt about the fact.关于这个事实毫无疑心。There is no doubt that he is hard to deal with.毫无置疑他很难对付。 There is no need (for sb.) to