必修4动词ing形式作表语定语宾语补足语和状语.doc

动词的ing形式作表语，定语，宾补和状语一、动词-ing形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容 ,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. = keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her jobHis hobby is painting. = Painting is his job.2. 表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词），作表语用的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising, puzzling, exciting等（这类分词表示“令人.的”含义）。如：The problem is quite puzzling. The news sounds encouraging.二、 动词-ing形式作定语1.单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。a reading room = a room which is used for reading running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working  工作方法reading material 阅读材料No one is allowed to speak loud in the reading room.There is a swimming pool in our school. 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。（注意动名词作定语说明被修饰词作用意义；现在分词做定语说明被修饰词正在做什么）developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题sleeping child 熟睡的孩子 walking stick 手杖living room 起居室running water 自来水2.作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。They lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south)他们住在一所朝南的房子里。Do you know the boy playing basket?（=Who is playing basket)你认识在打篮球的那个小男孩吗？The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle正在访问日本的那个男人是我的叔叔。In the following years he worked even hard.在接下来的几年中，他工作更努力了。The man talking to(=the man who is talking to) the teacher is our monitors father.正在与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。三、动词-ing形式作宾补1、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。 When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.2、当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。 They found the film very exciting. = The film is found very exciting.3、能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1) 表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词，（常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, catch, listen to等）+ sb + doing sth（作宾补）I felt somebody standing behind me.I caught a stranger sliding into the managers office.2) 表示指使意义的动词使役动词，（常见的有have, set, keep, get, leave等）+sb/ sth + doing sth (作宾补）We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。I wont have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。This sets me thinking.You shouldnt keep your lights burning in the day.4、see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式(省to)作宾语补足语的区别： We heard the telephone ring. We heard the telephone ringing.前者表示动作正在进行，后者表示（或强调）动作的全过程。四、动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等,相当于相对应的状语从句。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。（有时可在动词-ing前加一个表时间的连词，如when, while等）Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。(= After we have made full preparations.)Hearing the news, they jumped with great joy.Having finished his homework, Henry went home. (= After having finished his homework/After he had finished his homework, Herny went home.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.)Being poor, he couldnt afford a TV set.( =As he was poor, he couldnt afford a TV set.)Not knowing his phone number, we couldnt get in touch with him. (= Because we didnt know his phone number,we couldnt get in touch with him.)3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. = and left him a lot of money.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.European football is played in 80 countries, making is the most popular sport in the world.(= European football is played in 80 countries; as a result, it becomes the most popular sport in the world.)4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。Using your head, youll find a good way. (= If you use your head, youll find a good way.)Driving too fast, youll damage the car. (=If you drive too fast, youll damage the car)5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Although toiling all the year round (=Although he was toiling all theyear round),  the poor peasant couldn't afford to send his children to school.这位贫苦的农民，尽管终年劳累，还是无力送孩子上学。Weighing almost one hundred jin (=Though it weighed almost one hundred jin),  the box was lifted by him with one hand.6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= .and stared at the sky for a long time 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。The six blind men stood all day long by the roadside,  begging for money(=they were begging for money). 这六个盲人整天站在路边乞讨。He went out,  slamming the  door (=he slammed the  door).他走出去，砰地一声把门带上。一、同义句转换（用动词-ing形式）1.The bus was held up by the snowstorm, so it caused the delay.The bus was held up by the snowstorm, _the delay.2.John watched curiously and thought that the woman seemed a little crazy.John watched curiously, _that the woman seemed a little crazy.3.While I was waiting for the train, I had a long talk with him._for the train, I had a long talk with him.4.Because I was ill, I stayed at home._, I stayed at home.5.If you turn right at the second crossing, you will find the post office._ right at the second crossing, you will find the post office.6.Because she had been beaten by a snake, she was frightened at it._ _ _ by a snake, she was frightened at it.二、选择填空1. Though I have often heard this song _, I have never heard you _ it.A. being sung; sang B. sang; singing C. sung; sing D. to be sung; to sing2. It was so cold that they kept the fire _ all night.A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned3. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be puttingC. to putD. putting4. Did you meet anyone _ at the party?No, in fact, I found the party rather _.A. interesting; boring B. interested; boringC. interesting; bored D. interested; bored5. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off.A. to have stolen B. to be stealingC. to steal D. stealing6. Dont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run7. The _ boy was last seen _ near the East Lake.A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play8. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked9.His job is _ all the children.A.look after B.looked after C.looking after D.having looked after10. -Do you know the girl _ near the window?-She is my deskmate.A.seating B.standing C.is sitting D.is standing11. What worried the boy most was _to visit his father is the hospital.A.his not being allowed B.his not allowingC.his not been allowed D.his being not allowed12. Is it possible for a Chinese school to accept the policy _the use of mobile phones on campus?A.permitting B.to permit C.permitted D.being permitted13. -Was yesterdays conference successful?-Not really. The number of _was much smaller than we had expected.A.people who attend B.people attended C.people attending D.people attend14. _such a good chance, how could she let it slip?A.Having been given B.Having given C.To being given D.To have given15. Living near the sea, _.A.we enjoy fresh air and beautiful sight.B.fresh air and beautiful is what we enjoyC.it is fresh and beautiful sight is what we enjoyD.so we enjoy fresh and beautiful sight16.Thinking about the fact that I was not well prepared ,and _ to lose my face, I gave up the English contest.A.not wanting B.not want C.not wanted D.not to want17. There are many mistakes in his essay, _his failure.A.which results B.leading to C.led to D.that led to18._such heavy loss, the businessman doesnt have the courage to go on.A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered19. _the project,they have to stay there for another two weeks.A.Not completing B.Not completed C.Not having completed D.Having not completed20. Though _ natural resources, the area is well developed.A.lacked B.lacking of C.lacking D.lacked in21. _, he seems to be very nervous.A.Judge from appearance B.Judges from appearanceC.Judged from appearance D.Judging from appearan动名词与现在分词用法的区别动词的-ing形式按功能可分为动名词和现在分词。首先，动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词；用作形容词或副词时，称为现在分词。一、动词的-ing形式用作主语时为动名词，现在分词不可以用作主语。1动名词用作主语.Reading French is easier than speaking it. 阅读法文比讲法语容易。2有时it作形式主语，把动名词主语放在句子后面Its no use talking with him. 在这里碰到你真是奇迹。It was a waste of time reading that book. 看那本书是浪费时间。3. “There is + no”后可以用动名词作主语There was no knowing what he could do. 他能做什么很难说。There was no arguing with her. 没法和她争论。二、动词的-ing形式用作宾语时为动名词，现在分词不可以用作宾语。1有许多动词可接动名词作宾语I suggested bringing the meeting to an end. 我建议结束会议。2有许多带介词的动词固定搭配接动名词作宾语He has given up playing football. 他现在不踢足球了。三、当动词的-ing形式用作状语时为现在分词，动名词不可以用作状语。现在分词及其短语可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.我们爬到塔顶后，看到了一片壮丽的景象。（表时间）Living in the country, we had few social engagements.我们住在乡下，交际的机会很少。（表原因）Having money, he will buy a bigger car.（表条件）Knowing the secret, she would not tell me about it.（表让步）The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.那孩子跌倒了，头碰在门上碰破了.（表结果）He stood leaning against the wall. 他靠墙站着.（表方式或伴随情况）四、动名词与现在分词都可以用作表语，当动词的-ing的作用相当于名词时为动名词。当动词的-ing的作用相当于形容词时，动词的-ing为现在分词。1动名词用作表语Her hobby is painting. 她的爱好是绘画。Her job was tending the sheep. 她的工作是放羊。The main thing is getting there in time. 首要的事是及时到达那里。2现在分词用作表语The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。This story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。The day was so charming. 天气真是好极了。The difference was most striking. 差别很明显。五、动名词与现在分词都可以用作定语现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作，即: 现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系。通常能改为一个定语从句。动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质，或用途或功能. 两者在逻辑上无主谓关系。因此，只能改为一个for加动名词的短语。1动名词作定语，动名词表性质或用途或功能。swimming pool 游泳池 drinking water 饮用水swimming suit 游泳衣 2现在分词作定语developing countries 发展中国家 a booming town 日渐繁荣的城镇growing doubts 越来越大的怀疑 the existing condition 现有条件 the remaining days 剩下的岁月 lasting peace 持久的和平六、动名词与现在分词都可以用作补语，但现在分词用作宾语补语时，与前面的宾语构成复合宾语。具有这种复合宾语的动词多为表示感觉的动词，如：smell, observe, watch, notice, look at, listen to 等。另外，有些使役动词如have, set, get, catch, keep, leave等可以后面接含有现在分词的复合宾语。还有，作为宾语补语的现在分词有时前面可有as，前面的动词多用regard, consider, describe, see, think of 等。现在分词用作主语补语，多用在被动结构中，与主语构成复合主语。而动名词作补语对相应的动词却没这些规定。1动名词用作补语I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。（robbing是宾语补语）This is called turning things upside down. 这叫做把事物颠倒了。（turning 是主语补语）2现在分词用作补语We found him waiting to receive us. 我们发现他等着欢迎我们。We kept the fire burning all the time. 我们使火一直燃烧着。They described the young man as having initiative and drive.他们说这青年积极肯干。He was seen going upstairs. 有人看见他上楼。现在分词和动名词练习1. The old farmer,_ the badly-injured and wounded soldier, came out of theburning house, _for help. A. supporting; calling B. supported by; called C. being supported by; called D. being supporting; called 2. - Oh, its already a quarter past six. What shall we do at the meeting this evening? - Well go on with the matter_ this afternoon. A. be discussed       B. being discussing C. discussed      D. which discussed 3. The brave man died,_ his young wife nothing but a_ cottage. A. left; breaking        B. leaving; broken C. left; broken        D. to leave; breaking 4. _hard before, Tom is afraid of failing in the exam. A. Having been worked          B. Not to have worked C. Having never worked         D. Never have worked 5._the exam, the boy was punished by his father. A. No passing         B. Having passed C. Not passing         D. Not having passed 6. Time_, I can have done it better. A. permit  B. be permitted  C. permitting  D. to permit 7._, the boy couldnt enter his house. A. Since the key has lost          B. The key been lost C. Lost the key          D. Having lost the key 8. _into many languages, the story is well known all over the world now. A. Being translated          B. Having translated C. To be translated         D. Having been translated 9. _for the terrible accident, as the public thought, the mayor felt nervous and was at a loss what to do. A. Having blamed  B. To blame  C. Being to be blame  D. Being to blame 10. _from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered  B. To suffer  C. Having suffered  D. Being suffered 11. _from what he said, he must be the thief who has stolen the car. A. Judging  B. Judged  C. To judge  D. Judge 12. _with fright, a hungry fox hid himself in a small cave, _his tail to the rain. A. Trembling; exposing        B. Trembled; exposed C. Trembled; exposing        D. Trembling; exposed 13. Many teachers were praised at the meeting, Mr. Zhou_. A. including  B. being including  C. to include  D. included 14. -Who were those people with the flags? -A group_itself the League of Peace. A. calls  B. calling  C. called  D. being called 1. No one enjoys_at.A. laughing B. to laugh  C. being laughed D. to be laughed 2. You must do something to prevent your house_     .A. to be broken in B. from being broken inC. to break in D. from breaking in 3. They insisted on_another chance to try.A. given B. givingC. being givenD. to be given4. Where is my passport? I remember_it here.You shouldn't have left it here. Remember_it with you all the time.A. to put; to take B. putting ;taking C. putting ;to take D. to put ;taking 5. His room needs_, so he must have it .A. painting; paintedB. painted; paintingC. painting; painting D. painted; painted 6. After finishing his homework he went on_a letter to his parents.第 18 页