英语时态语法点讲解课件.ppt

英英语时态语法点法点讲解解课件件MakingCorrect&EffectiveSentences如何写出正确的英文句子如何写出正确的英文句子如何写出有效的句子如何写出有效的句子写作中时态的正确使用写作中时态的正确使用I.Correct Sentences Structurally complete Begin with a capital letter End with a full stop,or a question mark or an exclamation mark Express a single complete idea1.1.S+ViS+Vie.g.e.g.ThebusThebusarrivedarrived.FoolsseldomFoolsseldomdifferdiffer.TheflowersTheflowersareare bloomingblooming.2.2.S+V link(S+V link(连系动词连系动词连系动词连系动词)+Cs/Predicative()+Cs/Predicative(主补主补主补主补/表语表语表语表语)3.3.e.g.e.g.MissJonesMissJonesisisasecretary.asecretary.4.4.TheweatherTheweatherturnedturnedcold.cold.5.5.常见系动词有：常见系动词有：1)1)表示表示“变得变得”、“成为成为”：become,come,fall,get,go,become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turngrow,run,turn2)2)表示表示“保持保持”：continue,hold,keep,lie,remain,continue,hold,keep,lie,remain,stand,staystand,stay3)3)表示表示“看起来看起来”、“好像好像”：appear,look,seemappear,look,seem4)4)表示表示“实感实感”的动词：的动词：feel,smell,taste,soundfeel,smell,taste,sound3.3.S+S+VtVt+O+O4.4.e.g.e.g.ThepoliceThepolicestoppedstoppedtheprocession.theprocession.5.5.WallsWallshavehave ears.ears.4.4.S+S+VtVt+OiOi+OdOd5.5.e.g.e.g.ThemotherwillThemotherwillbuybuythegirladress.thegirladress.6.6.AnnAnngavegavemeabeautifuldoll.meabeautifuldoll.7.7.NOTE:NOTE:间接宾语间接宾语(OiOi)后移时前面须加介词后移时前面须加介词to/forto/for。1)1)加加toto表示间接宾语是动作的表示间接宾语是动作的接受者接受者接受者接受者，适应的动词有：，适应的动词有：assign,assign,award,bring,cause,deliver,deny,feed,give,grant,award,bring,cause,deliver,deny,feed,give,grant,guarantee,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,promise,guarantee,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,promise,read,recommend,render(read,recommend,render(给予，呈递给予，呈递),rent,sell,send,),rent,sell,send,serve,show,sing,take,teach,tell,throw,writeserve,show,sing,take,teach,tell,throw,write2)2)加加forfor表示间接宾语是动作的表示间接宾语是动作的受益者受益者受益者受益者，适应的动词有：，适应的动词有：bake,bake,boil,book,build,buy,cash(boil,book,build,buy,cash(兑现兑现),change,choose,cook,),change,choose,cook,cut,do,find,fix,fry,get,grow,knit(cut,do,find,fix,fry,get,grow,knit(编织编织),make,mix,order,),make,mix,order,paint,peel,play,post,pour,prepare,reserve,save,sparepaint,peel,play,post,pour,prepare,reserve,save,spare5.5.S+S+VtVt+O+Co+O+Co6.6.e.g.e.g.TheparentsTheparentsconsiderconsiderthechildagenius.thechildagenius.7.7.WeWeprovedprovedherwrong.herwrong.8.8.IIfoundfoundJohnsleeping.Johnsleeping.9.9.SheShethoughtthoughtthehousedeserted.thehousedeserted.10.10.常用于此结构的动词有：常用于此结构的动词有：11.11.appoint,believe,call,catch,choose,consider,appoint,believe,call,catch,choose,consider,declare,elect,fancy,feel,find,hear,imagine,declare,elect,fancy,feel,find,hear,imagine,judge,keep,know,leave,make,name,need,judge,keep,know,leave,make,name,need,nominate,prefer,prove,see,select,suppose,nominate,prefer,prove,see,select,suppose,think,votethink,vote1.Completeness in Structure containatleastasubject&apredicateverbiftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobjectiftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.E.g.:E.g.:He came.He came.(SVSV)She wrote a letter.She wrote a letter.(SVOSVO)Dr.Smith is a professor.Dr.Smith is a professor.(SVCsSVCs)I gave him 5 pence.I gave him 5 pence.(SVOiOdSVOiOd)We should keep our classroom clean.We should keep our classroom clean.(SVOCoSVOCo)The subject of a sentence should be properly The subject of a sentence should be properly related to the nonfinite verbsgerunds,related to the nonfinite verbsgerunds,participles or infinitivebefore it.participles or infinitivebefore it.Onenteringtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodOnenteringtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”(upandsaid,“Goodmorning!”()Onenteringtheclassroom,theteacherwasOnenteringtheclassroom,theteacherwasgreetedbythestudents,whostoodupandsaid,greetedbythestudents,whostoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”(“Goodmorning!”()2.The Right SubjectAfterfinishinghercomposition,thetranslationexerciseAfterfinishinghercomposition,thetranslationexercisewastakenup.(wastakenup.()Afterfinishinghercomposition,shetookuptheAfterfinishinghercomposition,shetookupthetranslationexercise.(translationexercise.()Hurryingtotheconferenceroom,noonewasthere.Hurryingtotheconferenceroom,noonewasthere.()Hurryingtotheconferenceroom,shesawnobodyHurryingtotheconferenceroom,shesawnobodythere.(there.()Returninghomeafterwork,supperwaswaitingforhimReturninghomeafterwork,supperwaswaitingforhiminthekitchen.(inthekitchen.()Returninghomeafterwork,hesawsupperwaitingforReturninghomeafterwork,hesawsupperwaitingforhiminthekitchen.(himinthekitchen.()Tolookatamap,theimportanceofthisnewrailwaywillTolookatamap,theimportanceofthisnewrailwaywillbeseen.(beseen.()YouhaveonlytolookatamaptoseetheimportanceYouhaveonlytolookatamaptoseetheimportanceofthisnewrailway.(ofthisnewrailway.()3.Agreement Between S&VThepredicateverbofasentencehastoagreewiththesubjectinpersonandnumber.Collectivenouns(集体名词)maybeeithersingularorplural,dependingontheirmeanings.Whiletheyareconsideredasonewhole,asingularverbisneeded;whiletheemphasisisonthemembersthatmakeupthegroup,apluralverbisneeded.Thatgroup(orplatoon/squad)ofsoldiersisatop-notch(拔尖的，一流的拔尖的，一流的)fightingunit.Thatgroup(orplatoon/squad)ofsoldiershave thebestratingsofindividualperformance.Thatherdofcowsandcalvesis thehealthiestthefarmhaseverhad.Thatherdofcowsandcalvesaremovingtowardtheshedsbytwosandthrees.a.a.Collectivenounsusu.usedaspluralandfollowedbypluralverbs:police,people,cattle,militia(民兵),poultry(家禽),vermin(害虫)b.b.Collectivenounsusu.usedasuncountableandfollowedbysingularverbs:foliage(树叶),machinery(机器),equipment,furniture,merchandise Somenounsendingwith-s(denotingnamesofSomenounsendingwith-s(denotingnamesofdiseases,gamesorcountries,etc.)or-diseases,gamesorcountries,etc.)or-icsics(denotingbranchesoflearning)areuncountable&(denotingbranchesoflearning)areuncountable&thereforearealwayssingular.thereforearealwayssingular.Examples:Examples:A.A.Diseases:arthritis(Diseases:arthritis(关节炎关节炎),bronchitis(),bronchitis(支气管炎支气管炎),),rickets(rickets(软骨病软骨病),mumps(),mumps(腮腺炎腮腺炎),diabetes(),diabetes(糖尿病糖尿病)B.B.e.g.Mumpse.g.Mumpsis is akindofinfectiousdisease.akindofinfectiousdisease.B.B.Games:darts(Games:darts(投镖游戏投镖游戏),marbles(),marbles(打弹子游戏打弹子游戏)C.C.e.g.Marblese.g.Marblesis is oneoftheoldestgamesandoneoftheoldestgamesandwaswas notconfinedtochildren.notconfinedtochildren.C.C.Countries:theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations,theNetherlands(荷兰)D.D.e.g.TheUnitedStatesisacountryofpeoplewithvariedorigins.D.D.Branchesoflearning:physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics(光学),acoustics(声学),politics,statistics,economics,linguistics,tactics(兵法)E.E.e.g.Acousticsisthescienceofsound.Some nouns ending with-s are usually used as plural and are thus followed by plural verbs.Examples:A.A.群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称：theWestIndies(西印度群岛),theHimalayas(喜马拉雅山脉),theStraitsofGibraltar(直布罗陀海峡),theNiagaraFalls(尼亚加拉大瀑布)B.B.e.g.TheHimalayashave amagnificentvarietyofplantandanimallife.B.B.由两部分组成的物体名称：glasses,scissors(剪刀),pincers(钳子),shorts(短裤),trousers(裤子),suspenders(吊裤带)这类名词单独使用时视为复数；带有单位词时由单位词的单复数决定动词的单复数。B.B.E.g.:C.C.JoesnewtrousersJoesnewtrousersareare blackandwhite.blackandwhite.D.D.One pairOne pair ofofscissorsscissorsisntisntenough.enough.E.E.Two pairs ofTwo pairs ofpliers(pliers(老虎钳老虎钳),onelargeandone),onelargeandonesmall,small,areare missingfrommytoolbox.missingfrommytoolbox.C.C.其他：其他：archives(archives(档案档案),arms(),arms(武器武器),clothes(),clothes(衣服衣服),contents(),contents(目录目录),eaves(),eaves(屋檐屋檐),fireworks(),fireworks(烟火烟火),),goods(goods(货物货物),morals(),morals(品行品行),remains(),remains(遗体遗体),),stairs(stairs(楼梯楼梯),suburbs(),suburbs(郊区郊区),thanks(),thanks(谢意谢意),),wages(wages(工资工资)D.D.e.g.Thecontentsofthisbooke.g.Thecontentsofthisbook areare mostmostfascinating.fascinating.E.E.HighwagesoftenHighwagesoftenresultresultinhighprices.inhighprices.the number of+pl.N+sin.Vthe number of+pl.N+sin.V a number of+pl.N+pl.V a number of+pl.N+pl.Ve.g.The number of doctors among the teachers of the e.g.The number of doctors among the teachers of the school school is is very small.very small.A number of doctors A number of doctors areare teaching at this teaching at this university.university.When two coordinated subjects are linked by When two coordinated subjects are linked by oror,eitheroreitheror,neithernorneithernor,not onlybut alsonot onlybut also,etc.or,etc.or appear in appear in There be StructureThere be Structure,the verb should agree,the verb should agree with the subject close to it.with the subject close to it.e.g.There e.g.There is is a bed and two chairs in my bedroom.a bed and two chairs in my bedroom.There There areare two chairs and a bed in my bedroom.two chairs and a bed in my bedroom.Either you or I Either you or I amam to take up the work.to take up the work.Not only John but also his parents Not only John but also his parents likelike collecting collecting stamps.stamps.Whenusingpersonalorrelativepronouns(Whenusingpersonalorrelativepronouns(关系代词关系代词),makesuretheirreferenceis),makesuretheirreferenceisclearclearsoastosoastoavoid avoid ambiguityambiguity.ExamplesExamples1.1.ImgoingtothetalkonjazzmusicforImgoingtothetalkonjazzmusicforheheisawell-isawell-knowncomposer.(knowncomposer.(“he”hasnoantecedent“he”hasnoantecedent)2.2.LeaveoutthewordinthatsentencebecauseLeaveoutthewordinthatsentencebecauseit itisistoodifficult.(2nounsbefore“it”)toodifficult.(2nounsbefore“it”)3.3.ShetoldmysisterthatShetoldmysisterthatherherideawaspracticable.ideawaspracticable.(“her”mayrefertoeither(“her”mayrefertoeitherher ownher ownorormy sistersmy sisters)4.4.EverybodyEverybodyshouldreturnthebooksshouldreturnthebookshehehashasborrowedwithinaweek.(“everybody”canrefertoborrowedwithinaweek.(“everybody”canrefertobothmaleorfemale)bothmaleorfemale)4.Clear Pronoun Reference5.Sheputmanytoysintoherbag,whichshewastogivetothechildreninthekindergarten.(theantecedentofwhichseemstobe“bag”whileitsactually“toys”)6.HeisthemanrecommendedbyMr.Smithwhoknowshowtofixcars.(“who”maystandforeitherMr.Smith orthe man)Whenasentence,whetherlongorshort,isstructurallycomplete,itshouldendwithafullstop.Itiswrongtojointwoormorecompletesentenceswithcommasunlessthereareproperconjunctionsorrelative pronouns.5.End Sentences with Full StopsWhentwoormoresentencesarecloselyrelatedinmeaning,betterputtheminonesentencewiththeconnectionofproperconjunctionsorrelativepronouns.Coordinateclausescanbejoined1)withacomma&aconj.,or2)withasemicolon,or3)withasemicolon&anadverb.6.Join Clauses with conj.Examples:1.1.Sheenjoyslisteningtopopmusic,buthersisterdoesnt.2.2.Sheenjoyslisteningtopopmusic;hersister,however,likesclassicalmusicbetter.3.3.Sheenjoyslisteningtopopmusic;however,hersisterdoesntlikeit.In a complex sentence,there must be a main clause,whether it is at the beginning,in the middle or at the end of the sentence.Only in certain contexts(such as a conversation)can a clause be treated as a complete sentence.E.g.:-“Why hasnt Mr.Brown said anything?”-“Because he doesnt speak Russian.”【the main clause of the answer(Mr.Brown hasnt said anything)is understood】7.A Main Clause in a Complex SentenceAdjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree should be usedonly when there is comparison.原级比较：as+adj./adv.原级+as(肯定句);not so/as+adj./adv.原级+as(否定句).比较级比较：adj./adv.比较级+thanmuch/far/a lot/a little+adj./adv.比较级quite/very/fairly/rather+adj./adv.原级Only things of the same kind(parallel structures)can be compared.E.g.:1)1)Her English is much better than I.(I mine)2)2)The language of Henry James is more elaborate than Ernest Hemingway.(plus“that of”after“than”)8.Proper Use of ComparisonsSpecial Structures of ComparisonA be prior/superior/inferior/senior/junior to Be.g.:Im two years senior to you.=Im two years older than you.=Youre two years junior to me.=Youre two years younger than me.prefer(doing)A to(doing)B/prefer to do A than do Be.g.:I prefer swimming to running.=I prefer to swim rather than run.rather than/instead of 前后跟平行结构平行结构e.g.:I go to work by subway instead of by bus.Well have our meeting outside the university instead of/rather than inside/in it.I would rather die than surrender.Main Usages of Each Tense1.The Simple Present ConstructionConstruction:do/does/am/is/are:do/does/am/is/are UsageUsage:主要用来表示真理、经常性动作及现在状主要用来表示真理、经常性动作及现在状态，常和态，常和always,usually,often,sometimes,always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,everyday/week/month,onMondaysseldom,everyday/week/month,onMondays等等时间状语连用。时间状语连用。ExamplesExamplesl lTheearthmovesaroundthesun.l lFourplusthreeequalsseven.l lHowoftendoyouhaveyourhaircut?Special Usage of Simple Present报刊标题、体育解说或舞台指导说明。报刊标题、体育解说或舞台指导说明。l lCHINACHINAHOSTSHOSTS2008OLYMPICGAMES.2008OLYMPICGAMES.l lMoorMoorpassespassestoCharlton;CharltontoCharlton;Charltonshootsshoots.Itsa.Itsagoodgoal.goodgoal.l lWhenthecurtainWhenthecurtainrisesrises,Julietissittingatherdesk.,Julietissittingatherdesk.ThephoneThephoneringsrings.She.Shepickspicksitupanditupandlistenslistensquietly.quietly.表示预先安排好将要发生的动作表示预先安排好将要发生的动作，常用于，常用于begin,begin,close,depart,finish,go,leave,open,start,stopclose,depart,finish,go,leave,open,start,stop等动等动词。词。l lThetrainThetrainleavesleavesin10minutes.in10minutes.l lSchoolSchoolfinishesfinishesinmid-July.inmid-July.l lWhenWhendoesdoesthebookshoppingcenterclose?thebookshoppingcenterclose?代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。l lWellgofishingiftheweatherWellgofishingiftheweatheris isfinetomorrow.finetomorrow.l lIllphoneyouassoonasIIllphoneyouassoonasIgetgetthere.there.2.The Simple Past Construction:did/was/were/usedtodoConstruction:did/was/were/usedtodoUsage:Usage:主要用来表示过去发生的动作或情况，通常用主要用来表示过去发生的动作或情况，通常用yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,in1990,lastyesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,in1990,lastweek/month/year,threedaysagoweek/month/year,threedaysago等作时间状语。等作时间状语。ExamplesExamplesl lI Iwentwenttothecinemayesterday.tothecinemayesterday.l lJaneJanewaswashereamomentago.hereamomentago.l lI Iused to get upused to get upverylateonholidays.verylateonholidays.Specialusage:Specialusage:在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。将来时。e.g.FatherpromisedthathewouldbuymeaWalkmane.g.FatherpromisedthathewouldbuymeaWalkmanifIifIenteredenteredakeymiddleschool.akeymiddleschool.3.The Simple FutureConstructionConstruction shall/willdo;is/aregoingtodo;beabouttodoshall/willdo;is/aregoingtodo;beabouttodoUsageUsage:主要用来表示将要发生的动作或情况，通常用主要用来表示将要发生的动作或情况，通常用nextnextweek/month/year,tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,intwoweek/month/year,tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,intwoweeksweeks等作时间状语。等作时间状语。ExamplesExamplesl lWeWeshall set offshall set offnextMonday.nextMonday.l lI Iam going homeam going homeinaweek.inaweek.l lSchoolSchoolis about to startis about to start.Another usageAnother usage:表示习惯动作或未来的倾向表示习惯动作或未来的倾向 E.g.:E.g.:l lWheneverhegoesout,heWheneverhegoesout,hewill takewill takeanumbrellawithhim.anumbrellawithhim.l lWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,weWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,well bell beableabletomakemachinesdomoreworkforus.tomakemachinesdomoreworkforus.还可以用还可以用还可以用还可以用“be+be+不定式不定式不定式不定式”表示按日程将要发生的动作表示按日程将要发生的动作表示按日程将要发生的动作表示按日程将要发生的动作。E.g.:E.g.:l lThereThereis to beis to beatestnextweek.atestnextweek.l lI Iam to meetam to meetmyparentsattheairportthisafternoon.myparentsattheairportthisafternoon.4.The Present Progressive ConstructionConstruction:is/am/are+doing:is/am/are+doing UsageUsage1)1)用来表示现在某时刻或