英语应用文写作写作基础知识.ppt

英语应用文写作写作基础知识Pipeline Bureau CNPCPipeline Bureau CNPCEnglish TrainingEnglish TrainingApplied Writing主讲：冯洪彦主讲：冯洪彦 英语句子（英语句子（SentencesSentences）英语段落（英语段落（ParagraphsParagraphs）英语篇章（英语篇章（EssayEssay）写作基础知识写作基础知识(Basic Writing Skills)(Basic Writing Skills)English TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件第一节第一节 英语句子英语句子(Sentences)(Sentences)1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型英语基本句型1.1.2.1.1.2.英语句子种类英语句子种类1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效句子English TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件1.1.1.1.1.1.英语基本句型英语基本句型 （Basic Elements of a SentenceBasic Elements of a Sentence）英语句子的主要构成成份有：S=Subject 主语V=Verb 动词 O=Object 宾语 C=Complement 补语 A=Adverbial 状语English TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件英语的七种基本句型：英语的七种基本句型：SV:SV:主谓主谓SVO:SVO:主谓宾主谓宾SVC:SVC:主谓补主谓补SVA:SVA:主谓状主谓状SVOO:SVOO:主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾SVOC:SVOC:主谓宾补主谓宾补SVOA:SVOA:主谓宾状主谓宾状 此外还有比较常用的此外还有比较常用的There beThere be 句型，句型，表示表示“存在，有存在，有”English TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件1.SV:The sun is shining.2.SVO:You should also consider this.3.SVC:The apple tastes good.4.SVA:I was at college.5.SVOO:Living at college gives me a sense of responsibility.6.SVOC:That makes me responsible for my own life.7.SVOA:You can put the dish on the table.8.There be：There are friendly people around to talk with.SamplesEnglish TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件1.1.Your dinner seems ready.()Your dinner seems ready.()2.2.I must send my parents a Christmas card.I must send my parents a Christmas card.()()3.3.That class interested me.()That class interested me.()4.4.My school is on the next street.My school is on the next street.()()5.5.Many students find that book very helpful.Many students find that book very helpful.()()6.6.You may put your umbrella under the table.You may put your umbrella under the table.()()7.7.She was smiling.She was smiling.()()8.8.We have made her the head of our group.We have made her the head of our group.()()同步练习同步练习-1Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOCEnglish TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件同步练习同步练习-2-2 Apply the rules and correct the errors in each of the following sentences.English TrainingEnglish Training1.The general manager will in English introduce us at the welcome partyTrue:The general manager will introduce us in English at the welcome party.-SVOA2.The senior Canada engineer is listening Chinese folk music.True:The senior Canadian engineer is listening to Chinese folk music.-Thefrom Canada-SV3.Only a kind person can smile so sweetTrue:Only a kind person can smile so sweetly -SVA英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件English TrainingEnglish Training4.Would you please show me to the way to the museum?True:Would you please show me the way to the museum?-SVOO5.The professors words make them are very excitingTrue:The professors words make them very exciting.-SVC6.There has not much money in my pocket.True:There is not much money in my pocket-there be7.There is a man want to see youTrue:A man wants to see you 或者或者There is a man who wants to see you -there be英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件English TrainingEnglish Training8.Does your English teacher always speaks English in class?True:Does your English teacher always speak English in class?-SVOA9.My father last year has given to me a expensive presentTrue:My father gave me an expensive present last year.-SVOOA英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件同步练习-3 Translate the following sentences into English,using the proper sentence types1.新年那天，系里许多学生给老师们送贺年卡片并致节日的祝贺 -SVOOA2.译：On New Years Day,many students in the department gave cards ad holiday greetings to their teachers.2.你应该认真填写这张申请表并在这一栏中填上你的国籍。-SVOA译:You should fill in this application form very carefully and put your nationality in this blank.English TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件3.我很荣幸地把格林博士，一位加拿大学者，介绍给你们大家。我很荣幸地把格林博士，一位加拿大学者，介绍给你们大家。译译：I have the honor to introduce Doctor Green,a Canadian scholar,to all of you.-SVO4.4.顺便问一句，你能否告诉我一些有关这所大学计算机工程系的情况吗？顺便问一句，你能否告诉我一些有关这所大学计算机工程系的情况吗？译：译：By the way,could you tell me something about the Computer By the way,could you tell me something about the Computer Engineering Department in this university?Engineering Department in this university?-SVOOA-SVOOA5.只有本护照的持有者才能申请签证。-SVA译：Only bearer of the passport can apply for the visa.6.新学期的第一天，留学生们和它们的中国老师相互介绍认识。译：The overseas students and their Chinese teachers introduce themselves to each other on the first day of the new semester.-SAOOAEnglish TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件1.1.2.1.1.2.英语句子种类英语句子种类（Types of SentencesTypes of Sentences）1.1.句子按其用途可分为句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句祈使句、感叹句2.2.句子按其结构可分为句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句并列复合句English TrainingEnglish Training英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件陈述句陈述句（Declarative Sentence):a declarative sentence makes a positive or negative statementa declarative sentence makes a positive or negative statement Our warehouses have limited facilitiesOur warehouses have limited facilities.He is not the rival in negotiation.He is not the rival in negotiation.疑问句疑问句 (Interrogative Sentence):a interrogative sentence asks a question.a interrogative sentence asks a question.Will you please pay your prompt attention to this Will you please pay your prompt attention to this matter?(General Question)matter?(General Question)Example我们的仓库设施很有限。我们的仓库设施很有限。他不是谈判对手他不是谈判对手。Example对此问题，请及时加以注意。对此问题，请及时加以注意。Example英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件 How old are you?(Special Question)Is the delegation leaving today or tomorrow?(Alternative Question)You didnt go to Shanghai,did you?(Tag Question)祈使句祈使句(Imperative Sentence):an imperative sentence expresses a command or a request.Please think over the local tax rate.Dont open the door.感叹句感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence):an exclamatory sentence shows a strong feeling or emotion.What a lever boy he is!How careless she is!ExampleExampleExample英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件简单句简单句（Simple Sentence):a simple sentence is one that consists of a single independent clause.Wewouldappreciateapromptreply.并列句并列句（Compound Sentence):a compound sentence is one that contains two or more independent clauses.Ihavefinishedthework,butthereisstillmuchtodo.ExampleExample英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件复合句复合句（Complex Sentence):a complex sentence is one that contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate or dependent clauses.Iwasreadingabookwhenhecame.并列复合句并列复合句（Compound-complex Sentence):a compound-complex sentence is one that contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause.In other words,it is a combination of a compound and a complex sentence Shewearsareddresswhensheisingoodmood,butshewearsablueonewhensheisinbadmood.ExampleExample英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件1.1.3.1.1.3.有效句子有效句子(EffectiveSentences)什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件1.1.完整的句子完整的句子 (Completeness)2.2.清晰的句子清晰的句子 (Clarity)3.3.简洁的句子简洁的句子 (Conciseness)4.4.平行结构的句子平行结构的句子（Parallelism)5.5.5.5.灵活多变的句子灵活多变的句子 (Variety)英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件1.1.写完整的句子写完整的句子(Completeness)一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。包括意义上的完整。(1)(1)结构上的完整结构上的完整英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件SentenceCompleteness Wrong:MynameHelen.汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能省略。我们还可以用省略。我们还可以用that、who或或because之类的词之类的词把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：Wrong:Theyeatrice,andweeat,too.Correct:MynameisHelen.Correct:Theyeatrice,andweeatrice,too.Example英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件Wrong:Friendlypeople,anotherthingIlikeaboutcollege.Correct:Friendly people,thats another thing I likeaboutcollege.Wrong:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguages quickly.Because they know howtolisten.Correct:Somepeoplehaveanaturalabilitytolearnlanguagesquicklybecausetheyknowhowtolisten.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件None of the following sentences are complete.Make necessary corrections to make them complete.1.Idislikedogsbecauseverysmelly(气味难闻气味难闻).2.ThedogsalwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisit.-Idislikedogsbecausetheyareverysmelly.-ThedogsarealwaysnoisyandtrytojumponmewhenIgotovisitthem.3.Waysofnamingnewbabiesdifferentaroundtheworld.-Ways of naming new babies are different around the world.同步练习同步练习英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件4.In Guangzhou is hotter than in Beijing.5.Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,gotogetastickifyouthrowit.-In Guangzhou,it is hotter than in Beijing.-Dogslovetoplaywithsticks.Forexample,theygotogetastickifyouthrowit.-Itstoocoldinthisroom.6.Istoocoldinthisroom.7.Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet.8.Abookthatyoulike.-Thatisabookthatyoulike.-Becausewedonthaveenoughtimetotakecareofapet,wedontkeepone.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件简单陈述句的语序简单陈述句的语序（Word order in Simple Statements）英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件 主语部分 谓语部分 1.主语主语Who which what2.动词动词Action(v.)3.宾语宾语Who what which 状语状语4.方式how5.地点where6.时间whenboughtahatyesterdayThechildrenranhomeThedrivershoutedatmeangrilyThecarstoppedsuddenlyJackreadthebook quietlyinhisroomallafternoon名，代，数，名，代，数，短语，从句短语，从句谓语动词谓语动词名，代宾，数，名，代宾，数，短语，从句短语，从句副词，相当于副词，副词，相当于副词，短语和从句短语和从句ITheyaresittingbehindme英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件 主语部分 谓语部分 1.2.3.4.5.6.1.The film I enjoyed yesterday2.A tree in the corner of the garden he planted.3.This morning a book I from the library borrowed4.A new school built they in our village last year.Ienjoyedthe filmyesterdayHeplanteda treeIn the cornerof the garden Iborroweda bookfrom the library this morning Theybuilta new schoolin our villagelast year英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件(2)(2)意义上的完整意义上的完整 意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。有一个中心思想。请看下列句子：请看下列句子：a.WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.b.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.c.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,d.andhewontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.Example英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：a.WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,andsheisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.修改：修改：WearegoingtomeetJeanHarris,whoisaprofessorofEnglishliterature.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件b.Jimisoneofthefastestrunners.修改修改：Jimisoneofthefastestrunnersofourschool.c.ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericannovelist,and he won the Nobel Prize forLiteraturein1954.修改修改：ErnestHemingway,anAmericannovelist,wontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件2.2.写清晰的句子写清晰的句子(Clarity)写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。(1)(1)缺乏必要的细节。缺乏必要的细节。简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：a.Helovessportsmuchmorethanhissister.b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件a句既可理解为句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也可以，也可以理解为理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：的谓语：修改修改：He loves sports much more than his sister does.或：He loves sports much more than he loves his sister.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件b.Whenapersongetsmarried,youtakeonnewresponsibilities.b句中的句中的aperson和和you指代不明。应改为：指代不明。应改为：When a person gets married,he takes When a person gets married,he takes on new responsibilities.(on new responsibilities.(泛指泛指)或：或：When you get married,you take on newWhen you get married,you take on new responsibilities.(responsibilities.(特指特指)c.Thecityhasaboutonemillion.c句中，句中，“onemillion”究竟指什么，缺乏必要的究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：细节说明，应改为：The city has a population of one million.The city has a population of one million.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件(2)(2)缺乏连贯性。缺乏连贯性。一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维解，妨碍思维。为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短语、从句等）。例如：语、从句等）。例如：a.Somepeoplecannotdistinguishbetweencolors.theyareb.saidtobecolor-blinded.此句将其中一句改成定语从句此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为应该为：Some people Some people who can not distinguish betweenwho can not distinguish between colors colors are said to be color-blinded.are said to be color-blinded.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件b.Hefoundthekitchenwindowopen.Heputaladderagainstthewindow.Heclimbedin.此句子可改为：此句子可改为：Finding the kitchen window open,he put a Finding the kitchen window open,he put a ladder against it and climbed in.ladder against it and climbed in.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件(3)(3)随意转换。随意转换。英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思模糊不清。模糊不清。时态的随意转换。时态的随意转换。a.TheydidnotknowwhentheywillgototheGreatWall.应改为：应改为：They did not know when they would go to They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall.the Great Wall.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件b.Heworkedlateintothenightyesterday butgetsupearlythismorning.应改为：应改为：b.He worked late into the night yesterdayb.He worked late into the night yesterday but got up early this morning.but got up early this morning.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件 语态和主语的随意转换。语态和主语的随意转换。a.Hewasrunningveryhardintheraceandhisanklewasbroken.应改为：应改为：He was running very hard in the race and He was running very hard in the race and broke his ankle.broke his ankle.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件b.Theteacherlefttheclassroomafterthelecturewasfinished.应改为：应改为：The teacher left the classroom after he The teacher left the classroom after he finished the lecture.finished the lecture.或：或：Having finished the lecture,the teacher Having finished the lecture,the teacher left the classroom.left the classroom.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件c.Shereviewedthelessonsandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.应改为应改为：She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.assigned by the teacher.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件语气随意转换语气随意转换。a.First stop the noise and then you may a.First stop the noise and then you may start discussion.start discussion.应改为应改为：First stop the noise and then start First stop the noise and then start discussiondiscussion.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件b.Students should learn to solve b.Students should learn to solve problems independently.Dont problems independently.Dont rely on your parents help.rely on your parents help.应改为：应改为：b b.Students should learn to solve.Students should learn to solve problems independently.They problems independently.They should not rely on their parents should not rely on their parents help.help.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件 人称和数的随意转换。人称和数的随意转换。a.If one has talents,we will bea.If one has talents,we will be likely to succeed.likely to succeed.应改为：应改为：If one has talents,one will be likelyIf one has talents,one will be likely to succeed.to succeed.或或:If we have talents,we will be likely If we have talents,we will be likely to succeed.to succeed.英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学英语应用文写作多媒体课件教学课件课件b.If a person is selfish,they will have b.If a person is selfish,they will have few friends.few friend