2022年专题一古代中国经济的基本结构与特点学生版 .pdf

必修二专题一古代中国经济的基本结构与特点【诵读预热】【20XX年高考考点要求】1、农业从刀耕火种到铁犁牛耕；土地私有制的确立；古代中国农业生产的主要技术成就；古代中国农业经济的基本特点。2、手工业官营手工业与民间手工业的经营方式；纺织、冶金和制瓷方面手工业生产的主要成就；古代中国手工业发展的特征。3、商业春秋战国以来的古代商业；“市”的变迁与城市的发展；古代中国商业发展的特点。4、主要经济政策重农抑商；“海禁”与“闭关锁国”。【展示导入】时期国别与出处收获量与播种量之比秦朝10 倍或十几倍6 世纪中国齐民要术粟:24-200 倍麦:44-200 倍公元前 27 年-476 年罗马时代克洛米拉农书4-5 倍13 世纪英国亨利农书3 倍这个图表说明了什么问题？【探究准备】根据课本复习相关内容，完成填空。一、农业1、从刀耕火种到铁犁牛耕-古代耕作方式（1）原始社会的耕作方式。（2）春秋战国：采用，形成铁犁牛耕的耕作方式。（3）汉代：牛耕逐渐普及全国，铁制农具的数量大增。出现了播种工具，两头牛牵引的、一牛挽犁。（4）唐代：，可控制耕土的深浅。（伴随着这种生产力的提高，生产关系也随之发生相应变化。）2、土地私有制的确立（1）商周时代实行井田制。（2）战国时期确立了土地私有制。A形成的原因：根本原因：生产力的发展（铁犁牛耕的使用和推广）；直接原因：各国的改革与变法B形成的过程：生产力进步私田增多井田制瓦解财政困难各国改革（鲁国实行“初税亩”）促进封建土地所有制建立新兴地主阶级力量壮大变法以法律形式确立封建土地所有制（商鞅变法）C主要形式：封建地主土地所有制（主要构成）；小农土地所有制（少量）；封建社会土地国有制（少量，如均田制）。D 影响：封建土地私有制是封建社会的经济基础，是众多制度的根源（如专制主义中央集权制度、重农抑商、闭关锁国）。在封建社会初期，调动了生产者的积极性，有利于社会的稳定。但因其规模小，自给自足，难以扩大再生产，阻碍了商品经济的发展和近代社会生产的进步。3、男耕女织的小农经济A含义：以为生产、生活单位，农业和家庭手工业相结合，生产主要为满足自家生活需要和交纳赋税，是一种自给自足的自然经济，这是中国封建社会农业生产的基本模式；B特点:以家庭为单位农业和家庭手工业相结合，男耕女织，精耕细作。自给自足的自然经济，是中国封建社会农业生产的基本模式。以铁犁牛耕为主要耕作方式分散性、封闭性、相对稳定性、脆弱性C影响：封建王朝财政收入的主要来源。精耕细作，保证农民自给自足，利于社会安定。繁荣封建经济，保障中国古代的重大文明成就。在中国古代封建经济中始终占主体地位，但规模小和分工简单，难以扩大再生产，近代以后成为阻碍生产发展的因素。4、古代中国农业生产的主要技术成就（1）水利工程：战国：李冰；郑国渠汉代：关中（2）灌溉工具：曹魏：唐朝：宋朝：高转筒车明清：风力水车5、古代中国农业经济的基本特点:（战国以后）经济形态上：自给自足的自然经济耕作方式上：铁犁牛耕为主，实行精耕细作。土地制度上：封建地主土地私有制为主。经营方式上：小农个体经营为主。二、手工业1、官营手工业（工官制度）文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5手工业的经营形态：夏商周时期手工业由官府垄断（工商食官）；春秋战国以后官营手工业、民营手工业和家庭手工业成为中国古代手工业的三种主要经营形态；含义：官营手工业由政府直接经营，进行集中的大作坊生产，产品主要是武器和官府的生活用品，产品不在市场流通，使用上等原料，生产不计成本，产品质量最好，代表手工业的最高技术水平。发展演变历程：从西周到明代前期一直占据主导地位，明中叶萎缩。特点：特殊行业的垄断性、服务对象的特殊性、不计成本的奢侈性、技术工艺的高超性、各种行业的封闭性、劳动者少积极性。2、民间手工业形式：家庭手工业：农户的副业，产品主要用来交纳赋税和家庭消费，剩余的一小部分作为商品出卖。民营手工业：民间私人经营，主要生产供民间消费的产品。在官营手工业、家庭手工业、重农抑商政策的压迫排挤下艰难发展。明朝中后期，随着商品经济的发展，逐渐成为手工业的主流，并在江南一些手工业部门开始出现了资本主义性质的生产关系。3、纺织、冶金和制瓷方面手工业生产的主要成就纺织业的主要成就：中国是世界上最早养蚕织绸的国家新石器时代纺织技术已经萌芽；纺织原料最初用的是和。商代有负责指导蚕桑生产的专职官员。汉代品种多，丝织品经丝绸之路远销地中海地区，被称为“丝国”（素纱禅衣）唐代私营纺织作坊兴起，官营手工业也有相当大的规模。宋代棉纺织技术已经推广到粤闽地区；丝织工艺水平高。明清纺织业中出现了资本主义萌芽。苏州、杭州是最著名的丝织业中心。冶金业的主要成就：青铜铸造：新石器时代晚期已有；商周时进入繁荣时期（商朝司母戊方鼎）。铁器制造：西周晚期有；春秋使用，战国推广；东汉时杜诗发明用来鼓风冶铁。炼钢技术：春秋晚期能制造钢剑；战国出现技术；魏晋南北朝时期。制瓷业的主要成就：中国是世界上最早发明瓷器的国家原始社会后期，彩陶有相当高的工艺水平；从商代中期到东汉晚期，是陶发展到瓷的过渡阶段；唐代制瓷业已经成为独立的生产部门，形成两大系统。其中越窑的青瓷；邢窑的白瓷，江西景德镇和四川大邑的白瓷，在瓷器中名列前茅，唐朝晚期，长沙铜官窑首创；宋代：各地瓷窑所生产瓷器各具风格；元代：景德镇成为全国的制瓷中心；主要是青花瓷。明朝：是中国瓷都（宣德年间的青花瓷最佳）。清代：康熙年间，出现了瓷器，帝时达到登峰造极的水平。还有珐琅文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5彩。4、古代中国手工业发展的特征。手工业发展与农业紧密结合，家庭手工业生产对于稳定小农经济起到一定作用。历史悠久，源远流长。多种经营模式长期并存（官营、民营、家庭），官营手工业技术高。地域分布广、生产规模不断扩大、分工越来越细、技术领先，产品远销欧亚非。三、商业1、春秋战国以来的古代商业商代已出现职业商人和最早的货币。周朝实行“工商食官”政策。春秋战国时期，商业繁荣。（官府控制商业的局面被打破；商人社会地位提高；出现许多商品市场和大商人）秦汉至隋唐，商业艰难发展。（受重农抑商政策的压制；经商受时间和地点的限制；西汉开通了陆地和海上丝绸之路，中外贸易逐渐发展；隋唐农村集市贸易发展起来；出现柜坊、飞钱；唐朝广州成为重要港口，设市舶使，专管对外贸易。）宋元时期,商业空前繁荣。（时间和地点的限制被打破；商品种类增加；出现世界上最早纸币交子；商税成为政府重要财源；出现国际性商业大都会；两宋与多国进行对外贸易，海外贸易税收成为国库重要财源；元朝泉州是重要港口。）明清时期，城镇商业繁荣；农副产品大量进入市场；区域间长途贩运发展；货币作用增大；区域性商人群体（商帮）形成；明清实行“海禁”和闭关锁国对外贸易渐趋萎缩。2、“市”的变迁形成：宋朝以前在城市特定的位置；专供贸易；四周有围墙，与居民区严格分开（空间）；按时开市、闭市，闭市后不许贸易（时间）；设市令或市长管理。发展：宋朝市与坊的界限被打破，店铺随处可设（空间限制被打破）；早晚都可经营，出现早市和夜市（时间限制被打破）；交易活动不受政府直接监管；出现较大市镇；城郊和乡村的“草市”更加普遍。3、城市的发展北方：长安、洛阳、开封、大都等（原因：是不同时期的政治中心、军事重镇，也是著名的商业中心）南方：唐朝：扬州、成都（商业大都会，“扬一益二”）、广州（外贸港口，市舶使）宋朝：临安（南方）、益州（交子）元朝：泉州（第一港）（原因：商业中心，海上丝绸之路开通、大运河的开凿、经济重心的逐渐南移等）4、古代商业发展的特点中国商业起源很早，呈现出繁荣景象，但发展不平衡；与农业、手工业的发展紧密相联，相辅相成；受重农抑商政策制约，发展艰难而曲折，商人社会地位低下，商业始终作为农耕经济的补充，未能占据主导地位；国内贸易、边境贸易和国际贸易全面发展，朝贡贸易在对外贸易中占有重要地位；在发展中出现了类似于银行的柜坊、类似于汇票的飞钱，纸币也较早出现；伴随着商业的发展，城市大量兴起。商业市场形式多样，如城中的市，乡村中的草文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5市，夜市和晓市等。四、主要的经济政策1、“重农抑商”政策提出者：战国时期秦国含义：强调发展农业生产，限制甚至打击工商的经济政策。目的：维护小农经济，以确保赋役的征派和赋税的征收，达到巩固封建统治的目的。表现：重农：奖励农耕（商鞅变法）抑商：从秦到清严格管理工商业（歧视商人，加重赋税，发展官营，限制市等）影响：（分阶段）封建社会初期，积极为主：有利于封建经济的发展；巩固新兴地主阶级的统治。封建社会后期，消极为主：不利于农工商协调发展；加剧了土地兼并，压抑经济活力，强化自然经济；阻碍商品经济的发展和资本主义萌芽成长，导致中国落后于世界；对农业本身也是不利的。2、“海禁”政策与“闭关锁国”含义：海禁指禁止私人出海贸易，对外贸易由官方垄断；闭关锁国指严格限制外国商人来华贸易的政策。（不是禁绝对外贸易，广州十三行）原因：明海禁：担心流亡海上的敌对势力勾结倭寇，危及明朝统治。清闭关锁国：自给自足的自然经济（根本）；防止东南沿海居民与反清势力相勾结；防止西方殖民者的入侵（直接）；妄自尊大的心态。表现：明朝：通番禁令等。清代：海禁令、迁海令。影响：一定程度上延缓了西方殖民势力对中国的侵略，维护了国家的领土主权；但阻断了中西方正常的贸易往来，阻碍了资本主义萌芽发展，导致中国落后，近代被动挨打。古代经济政策给后人留下的经验教训：树立农工商协调发展的科学发展观；提高对外开放的意识。【合作探究】（13 分）古代中国的商业发展与政府的经济政策之间存在密不可分的关系。阅读下列材料：材料一无论商王或周王室，都有大批商贾为之采购珍奇物品。如商王室设有“多贾”管理王室商业。多贾还供献香酒，参与商王祭祀祖先的仪式。“丁已小雨，佑多贾以鬯 ch ng，祭祀用的香酒”，可见多贾在王室的地位是相当高的。冷鹏飞中国古代社会商品经济形态研究材料二末作奇巧（指商业、手工业）禁则民无所游食，民无所游食则必农，民事农则田垦，田垦则粟多，粟多则国富。国富者兵强，兵强者战胜，战胜者地广。今为末作奇巧者，一日作而五日食（意为工商业一日之利，可供五日之需）。农夫终岁之作，不足以自食也。舍本事而事末作，则田荒而国贫矣。（春秋）管仲管子治国文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5材料三商籍农而立，农赖商而行，求以相辅，而非求以相病，则良法美意，何尝一日不行于天下哉官民农商，各安其所而乐其生，夫是以为至治之极。（宋）陈亮四弊请回答：（1）据材料一，概括商周时期的商业状况。由此看出当时政府的商业政策是什么？（3分）（2）据材料二，指出春秋时期管仲提出了怎样的经济政策？依据材料二分析管仲提出这种经济政策的理由。（4 分）（3）材料三反映的主要经济观点是什么？结合材料三和所学知识，分析作者提出此观点的原因。（4 分）（4）综合上述材料，结合所学知识，指出商业发展与经济政策的关系。（2 分）【巩固训练】南方凤凰台配套练习文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 ZH3I3M5E9C5文档编码:CZ9K1T2R5H8 HK5Y8M9R9C3 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