2022年英语句子成分详解初中英语语法复习.docx
精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载江西省吉安县凤凰中学中学英语语法复习英语句子成分详解把英语作为一门外语来学,对其语法的学习将是一项长期的任务;肯定要排除“ 任务”或“ 投机”心态; 俗语说, 爱好是最好的老师,语法学习是一个长期积存、不断提高的过程,在“ 任务” 的心态之下,语法学习简洁变成一种被迫的行为,很难持之以恒;而在“ 投机”的心态之下, 语法学习简洁变成一种短期行为,试图在短期内一蹴而就反而会遭受“ 欲速就不达”的困境;因此,在语法学习的过程中,要善于挖掘或培育自身的爱好,比如,不妨多看看适合自身水平的英语读物;听听英语歌曲, 很多歌词本身就包含着某些语法规章;多写些英语句段等;总的来说,语法的学习应遵循以下两个基本原就:第一、要记忆,但不要僵化语法究竟是不是一种“ 规章” ?本人认为,语法是规章,但又不完全是规章;对于初学者而言,规章是要去遵守的,比如不同时态的构成形式,各类句式的构成要素等等,假如缺乏对规章的明白,面对零散的单词,是不行能建造起语言的大厦的;这也是为什么很多人面对长难句束手无策, 想要表达自己的观点却搜肠刮肚写不出来的缘由之一;从这个意义上说,语法是语言运用的规章;其次、勤练习,能举一反三语言的把握和运用,熟能生巧是关键;正如“ 拳不离手,曲不离口”;语法的规章和理论需要在实践中巩固、消化,乃至举一反三;随着语法学习的深化和英语水平的不断提高,就会发觉并不需要刻意去关注语法规章,这并不是说规章消逝了,而是潜移默化成了一种思维模式,就像我们运用母语一样;从这个意义上说,语法不完全是规章;英语的句子成分与汉语相比既有不少相像之处,更有一些较大的差异,它是构成英语语名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 法的框架; 要读懂复杂的句子、学习必备欢迎下载明白和把握英语的句子成分是特别必写出较有深度的句子,要的;期望以上的观点对于同学们今后的英语学习有所帮忙;句子成分概 述英语在其长期进展过程中形成了一种相对固定的句子结构:“ 主语 +谓语” ,这与汉语是相像的;“ 主语” 是句子的话题,是信息传递的动身点;“ 谓语” 是对话题所作的说明,是说 话人说要传递的信息;试观看以下句子:主语 谓语 I am a Chinese boy. Mary has two best friends Seeing is believing . To do is harder than to say. We wish you success. 从上述例子可以看出,作为句子的话题,主语通常是一些事物性或实体性的词,否就,主语便不能成为句子的话题,不能成为信息传递的动身点;所以,主语通常是个名词、名词 词组、或者相当于名词(词组)的语法结构;而谓语是对主语所做的说明,它指出主语所表示的事物或概念是或不是什么,有或没有什么, 要或不要什么, 做了或未作什么等等;因此,谓语通常是述说性的,他能说明情形,表达意愿,评判美丑,辨论是非;所以,谓语通常由动词或动词词组来担任,而且谓语部分在结构上通常要比主语长一些或者更复杂一些;英语句子的谓语是动词性的,这就是说,谓语是以动词为中心的;而在汉语中,谓语有的是:动词性的,如: “ 我去北京;猫吃老鼠”;但也有:名词性的,如:“ 那张桌子四条腿;今天星期一;” 假如硬说“ 有三条腿、是星期一”达这些句子,就必需有个动词;在汉语中仍有:,在汉语中反倒不自然;可是,倘用英语来表 形容词性谓语,就是直接拿形容词作谓语,不带任何动词,如:“ 那孩子聪慧;那件事危急;” ,就用不着动词;但诸如此类的句子用英语去表达,可千万别忘了动词;“ The boy is clever. That matter is dangerous.”由此可见,在汉语中,名词和形容词都可以独立作谓语,但在英语中却不行以;下面我们就从主语和谓语入手具体剖析英语的句子成分;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载句子成分的定义:组成一个句子的各个部分,叫做句子成分; 包括: 主语、 谓语(宾语、表语)、以及用于修饰句中名词和代词的定语、修饰句中动词、形容词和副词的状语;主语和谓语构成句子的骨架,而定语和状语就是修饰骨架的血肉,是修饰语; 句子成分主要由实词担任;实词包括:名次、动词、代词、形容词、副词和数词;虚词在句中只起连接、限定或表达喜怒哀乐感情等作用,不做句子成分;虚词包括:介词、连词、冠词和感叹词等;一 、主 语主语相当于句子的话题或主题,即要说明的人或物;主语一般位于句首,且不能省略;但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句倒装句祈使句感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略; 【想一想】哪些词类或短语可以用作主语?(答:能用来做主语的有:名词、代词、数词、动名词或动名词短语、动词不定式或动词不定式短语、主语从句等;) 名词(或名词词组)My pen is green. 单数可数名词 Jane is an American girl. 专出名词 、代词I am a student. 主格人称代词 Her pen is blue, and mine is red.(名词性物主代词)These are my books. 指示代词 Who is not here today. 疑问代词 Nothing was wrong with his eyes. 不定代词 、数词Two and one is three. 基数词 The second was a tall man. 序数词 、动名词Eating too much is bad for your health. 动名词 Playing games is much better than staying at home. 动名词短语 、形容词The rich are not always happy.少数形容词前边加the 相当于名词 、动词不定式名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - To see is to believe.学习必备欢迎下载动词不定式 It will take you 2 hours to get to the station.it 语作真正主语 、主语从句(仅作明白)作形式主语,动词不定式短What the teacher said yesterday is important. 几个常见加 the 后可以名词化的形容词是:poor, rich, young, old ,happy,blind, beautiful 等; 主语和谓语的次序有两种:(1)自然次序,即主语在前,谓语在后;(2)倒装语序,即谓语或谓语的一部分在前,主语位于其后;例如: Are you a student?Do you like English songs. What do you speak. There is a bird in the tree. there be 句型 Here is your pen. 以副词 here/there开头的句子习惯上主谓倒装There stands a policeman. 二 、谓 语句子中用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分,叫谓语; 谓语一般位于主语之后,谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词,它有时态、语态和语气的变化,并受主语人称和数的影响;既然谓语是以动词为中心的,那么,我们讨论谓语就从动词入手;(附: 动词)(一)、动词的意义:表示动作或状态;(二)、动词的用法: 1、作谓语动词; 2、可以有自己的状语;3、及物动词有自己的宾语;(三)、动词的分类:1、行为动词(或实义动词 ,v. ),占动词数量的绝大多数,具有明确的动作意义 , 行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词,不及物动词本身词义完整,可以独立作谓语, 及物动词本身词义不完整,必需后跟宾语共同作谓语;名师归纳总结 2、连系动词 link v. ,起连接主语和表语的作用,本身有肯定的词义,但是较弱,它第 4 页,共 16 页和实意动词一样有时态和语态的变化,也受主语的人称和数的影响;连系动词可分为两大类:- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1)表示存在的连系动词,如:学习必备欢迎下载仍be,keep, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain是,保持 , seem似乎 , lie处于 ,appear 出现 等; 2 )表示变化、形成的连系动词,如: become, get, turn, fall(变成),come实现 ,grow 变成 等;3、助动词 aux v., 用以帮忙行为动词和联系动词,构成各种时态、语态、语气,或构成疑问、否定、强调等句子结构;常见的助动词有:be, do, have, will shall ;助动词一般无词义, 不能单独作谓语, 只能和行为动词或联系动词共同作谓语动词;注意:上述四个助动词都兼有另外的动词类别,在不同的语境中扮演着不同的角色: be a、助动词,帮忙动词的现在分词构成进行时;帮忙动词的过去分词构成被动语态; We are running on the playground. The flowers are often watered by me. b 、联系动词,表示存在,和它的表语共同构成谓语;We are ready for the exam. I am in Beijing now. do a、助动词,帮忙行为动词构成否定句、疑问句、或对行为动词加以强调;I don t know the man. I do believe my answer is right. b 、行为动词, “ 做” ,例如: do shopping , do homework , do sports 等等; have a、助动词,帮忙动词的过去分词构成完成时;. b、行为动词, “ 有” 、“ 让 (做) ,使 (做) ” ; I have a new MP4. / I have had my hair cut. will a、助动词,帮忙行为动词构成将来时; He will visit China next year. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - b、情态动词,表示意愿;学习必备欢迎下载 . Sorry, I won't. ill you please、情态动词 情态动词又被称作情态助动词,有肯定的词义, 主要用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态 的态度或看法, 表示才能、 答应、 恳求、 必要、 可能、 需要等; 中学阶段显现的情态动词有:can / could, may/might, must, shall/should, 由此可见, 行为动词、 联系动词是谓语动词的核心,助动词和情态动词在谓语动词中起帮助作用(帮忙构成各种时态、语态、语气、疑问、否定和强调);因此,行为动词和联系动词打算着谓语的形式,从而演化出了简洁句的五种基本句型(、):、当谓语动词是联系动词时,谓语的形式是:联系动词表语,所构成的简洁句的基本句型是:“ 主语联系动词表语”,即“ 主系表” 结构;、当谓语动词是行为动词时,又分为以下四种情形:()、当谓语动词是不及物动词时,其后没有宾语,独自构成谓语,所构成的简洁句的基本句型是:“ 主语不及物动词”;即“ 主谓” 结构;()、当谓语动词是及物动词时,其后必需跟宾语,及物动词和其宾语一起构成谓语;依据所跟宾语的形式(单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语),又构成了三种简洁句的基本句型:“ 主语及物动词宾语”,即“ 主谓宾” 结构;“ 主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语”“ 主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语”作“ 主谓复合宾语” 结构;,即“ 主谓双宾语” 结构;,宾语和宾语补足语称作复合宾语,所以称下面就针对谓语中所包含的表语和宾语进行阐述:、表语表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特点、状态、职业、内容、数量、(动作)方 向或处所等;表语一般位于连系动词之后,二者共同构成谓语;可以担任表语的有:名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、数词以及从句(表语从句)等;例如:()、名词名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Mr. Black is a worker. 名词,表示身份; Ann is an American girl. Five years later, he turned an engineer. ()、形容词Those flowers are nice.形容词,表示性质或特点; I felt sorry for them. 形容词,表示状态; We must keep healthy. 连系动词 keep形容词作表语This book looks new. The baby falls asleep.(连系动词fall表语形容词作表语)()、代词 Who is it. 疑问代词,表示身份; It s me. 代词宾格,表示身份; These are something new. 不定代词,表示内容; The man in the picture is himself. 反身代词,表示身份; The right answer is that. 指示代词,表示内容; ()、动词不定式To see is to believe. 动词不定式,表示内容; My aim is to become a doctor.(系动词 be不定式作表语,表示内容;)()、动名词Seeing is believing. 动名词,表示内容; My job is teaching English. 动名词短语,表示内容; ()、介词短语Mike is from England. 表示动作方向 Your book is on the desk. 表示处所; ()、副词 Is Bill in. 此处的 in 是副词:“ 在家” ,表示处所; No, he is out. 此处的 out 是副词:“ 在外面” ,表示处所; ()、数词名师归纳总结 The telephone number is 3332117. 基数词,表示内容; 第 7 页,共 16 页Three minus two is one. 基数词,表示内容; - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Who is first in the high jump. 学习必备欢迎下载the 序数词独立作表语时前面不加He is always the first to come. to come 作 first 的定语,前面加the ; ()、表语从句That s why I want to stay here. 表语从句,表示内容; 、宾语句子中,表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语,宾语是动作的承担着;英语中,及物动词(或相当于及物动词的短语动词)、介词后须带宾语,少数形容词后也可以带宾语;可以担任宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句(宾语从句)等;()、名词I am reading a book. 名词作动词 read 的宾语;)I m going to Beijing with my father. 名词作介词 with 的宾语; We couldn t finish the work without his help. 同上 In the past, many parents couldnt afford education for their children. ()、代词Yesterday, Tom mother looked after him at home. 代词宾格 him 作短语动词 look after 的宾语; Please look it up in the dictionary. 代词宾格 it 作短语动词 look up 的宾语 I have something to tell you.(不定代词短语作动词 have 的宾语)What would you like. 疑问代词作动词 like 的宾语; Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. 分别作动词 bought 的间接宾语和直接宾语 We got lost and couldnt find each other. 反身代词 ()、数词名师归纳总结 Give me three, please. 数词作直接宾语; 第 8 页,共 16 页()、动词不定式 短语 like to play basketball. 作动词的宾语;Glad to meet you. 作形容词的宾语; - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Nice to see you again.学习必备欢迎下载(同上)I m sorry to trouble you. 同上 I think it impossible to climb the mountain. it 作真正宾语; I don t want to there again. I really like/hate to go shopping. ()、动名词 短语 作形式宾语,动词不定式短语I enjoy listening to music very much. 作动词的宾语 Nice meeting you here today. 作形容词 nice 的宾语 ()、形容词We must help the poor. 作动词的宾语 The new always takes place of the old. 作介词 of 的宾语 ()、宾语从句He knows who is right. (作动词的宾语)I want to know what color is her favorite. 作动词不定式 to know 宾语 I m sure that shell come soon.(作形容词 sure 的宾语)I m thinking of where I should go during the vacation. 作介词 of 的宾语 几个常见加 the 后可以名词化的形容词是:poor, rich, young, old ,happy, blind, beautiful 等; 宾语从句应特殊留意的三要素是:时态、语序、连接词; 少数能跟宾语的形容词有:happy, glad, nice, sure, certain, surprised, pleased, aware, afraid, proud, sorry, worried, ashamed等; 直接宾语和间接宾语:英语中,一些及物动词如:give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等,可以带两个宾语;一个指人,叫间接宾语;一个指物,叫直接宾语;间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面;假如放在其后,就间接宾语前一般加介词 介词 for ,以表示动作为谁做;例如:to ,以表示动作对准谁;或加He gave me an interesting book. He give an interesting book to me. Please bring me some snacks. Mother told me a story last night.Please bring some snacks to me. Mother told a story to me last night. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载My uncle often teaches me English songs. My uncle often teaches English songs to me. Jim bought me a beautiful present. Jim bought a beautiful present for me. 假如直接宾语是代词,就必需放在间接宾语之前,并且在二者之间加上介词 to 或 for ;例如:Give it to me, Lily. 不能说 Give me it, Lily. 不能说 pass me them. There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 复合宾语 英语中, 一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语,对其进一步作补充说明,意思 才够完整和明确,该补足语即叫宾语补足语;宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语,二者之间 存在着规律上的主谓关系;能担任宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词(现在分词、过去分词);例如:形容词, Classroom 和 clean之间存在着规律We must keep our classroom clean. 上的主谓关系 , 即: Our classroom is clean. We call the bird “ Polly ”. 名词 the bird 和 Polly 之间存在着规律上的主谓关系,即:The bird is Polly. Our teacher told us to do Exercise One. 动词不定式短语 us 的主格 we 和 to do Exercise One 之间存在着规律上的主谓关系,即:We should do Exercise One. She always thinks others above herself. 介词短语 Others is always above herself. I brought my dog here. 副词, My dog was here.)under a tree. )I saw Jack playing under a tree. 现在分词短语,Jack was playing In one place I saw children working for a cruel boss. 常见的可带复合宾语的动词有:call, find, believe, think, see, feel, make, keep, hear, name, tell, ask, want, invite, let, make, have等;因此我们常用到以下短语:名师归纳总结 ask tell / want / invite sb. to do sth.; 第 10 页,共 16 页 let make / have / get sb. do sth. ; see hear / watch / feel sb. do sth.; - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - see hear / watch / feel 学习必备欢迎下载; sb. doing sth. 其中,感官动词(see, hear )和使役动词( let, make, have )后,假如是动词不定式短语作宾语补足语,就习惯上去掉不定式符号 to ;但是, 当把这类句子转换成被动语态时,又须将去掉的 to 加上;试比较:My father made me stay at home last night. I was made to stay at home last night by my father. Tom saw me come back today. I was seen to come back today by Tom. 三、定 语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子,叫定语,也称之为名词的修饰语;与现代汉语的定语都是前置的所不同的是,英语的定语可以前置,也可以后置;独立的单词作定语时,习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;短语或句子(定语从句)作定语时,应放在被修饰的词后面,作后置定语; 能担任定语的有: 形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词全部格 ( s 或 of )、分词(短语) 、动名词(短语) 、动词不定式(短语) 、介词短语、冠词以及名词性从句(定语从句);例如:、冠词Mr. Smith gave me a book. 、形容词The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist. 、代词Our teacher is coming.形容词性物主代词 Which book is mine.疑问代词 、数词Mike has two brothers. 基数词 Jim sits in the third row. 序数词 、名词The apple trees were planted 3 years ago. The women doctors are from Beijing. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Group One are girl students and Group Two are boy students. We met some men workers in the factory. 、名词全部格Marys brother is an engineer. 名词全部格作后置定语,爸爸本人的片 These are some photos of my father. These are some photos of my father's.名词全部格作后置定语,爸爸保藏的照片、副词The people there are very friendly.地点副词作后置定语 The newspaper today is sold out.时间副词作后置定语 Would you like anything else.(后置定语)、介词短语The boy under the tree is Jack. 介词短语作后置定语 I'd like to write an article about teenagers around the world. Now children in cities and villages can get a good education. Canada is a country with a lot of snow in winter. 、分词The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. 过去分词 I know a boy called Tom.(过去分词短语作后置定语)The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. 现在分词 The car running in the playground is my uncle's.现在分词短语作后置定语 It shows that the population in developing countries is larger than that in developed countries. I lived in a small mountain town called Fairmont. 、动词不定式At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.动词不定式作后置定语 In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education. She has two children to take care of.动词不定式短语作后置定语 They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat. 、动名词名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备欢迎下载动名词 I often go to the reading room in the evening.The habit eating too much is not good for your health.动名词短语作后置定语 、定语从句I know the 2 boys who broken the window yesterday.例定语从句 后置定语的使用情形:使用情形典型示、短语作定语时应后置; The girl in a hat.戴帽子的那个女孩; The boy swimming in the river. 在河里游泳的那个男孩; a city called Beijing . 一个叫北京的城市、副词作定语时应后置(1)、表示时间或地点的副词the newspaper yesterday 昨天的报纸作定语时应后置;常见的有: the people here 这里的人民today , yesterday , the food there 那里的食物 tomorrow,here,there, the words below 下面的单词bellow,above,upstairs, the room upstairs 楼上的那个房间downstairs,abroad ;(2)、副词 else 与不定代词、 what else , anything else , 疑问代词连用作定语时应后置;somebody else ;()、不定代词的定语应后置;例如:名师归纳总结 something,anything,nothing;something new 一些新的东西第 13 页,共 16 页 nothing important anything to drink 一些(任何)喝的东西没有什么重要的东西- - -