2022年人教版2019届高考历史一轮复习知识归纳：新航路的开辟2 .pdf

新航路的开辟的重难点阐释新航路的开辟是世界近代史的开端，打破了原来世界孤立分散的状态，逐渐形成一个整体，在西方史学界占有重要的地位。但也是历年来高考命题的重点区，从史观（文明史观、革命史观）、中国、世界市场等角度去综合考查，因此在高考复习过程中要把新航路开辟放历史发展进程中去综合复习。1、新旧航路“旧航路”指传统的欧洲与亚洲之间的航路。15 世纪以前，从东方到欧洲主要有3 条交通要道：一是陆路，由地中海沿里海到达中亚；另外两条是海路，即由海路入波斯湾，经过两河流域达到地中海东岸叙利亚一带，或者先由海路至红海，然后由陆路至埃及的亚历山大港。而“新航路”是相对旧航路而言的，是15、16 世纪之交，西欧各国本想探寻通往东方的航线，经过一系列的航海探险活动，开辟了通往印度和美洲等世界各地的航路，这些航路通常被叫做新航路。西欧史学界在欧洲中心论的影响下，一般都将这一过程称为“地理大发现”。2、葡萄牙和西班牙为什么能成为新航路开辟的先驱？（1）地理因素：两国都位于大西洋沿岸，这一地理位置有利他们向海外发展。（2）技术条件：两个国家都掌握了航海技术，特别是葡萄牙在航海技术上比较的先进。（3）政治条件：两个国家都是中央集权的国家，有能力支持和供应远航必须的的装备和费用。（4）宗教因素：信奉天主教的葡萄牙人和西班牙人在收复失地的斗争中产生了起强烈的民族情绪和宗教情绪，因此，当他们向海外扩展时，也把传播天主教作为自己的精神动力。3、新航路开辟与市场形成的关系（1）世界市场雏形初现：新航路开辟加强了欧洲同亚洲、非洲与美洲之间的经济联系，地区性的贸易开始向世界性贸易扩展，各地的文明发生接触与碰撞，开始了会合交融，资本主义世界市场雏形开始形成。（2）改变欧洲的贸易特点：贸易范围扩大：由传统的欧亚北非扩展到全世界；贸易品种增多：商品种类日渐增多；贸易中心转移：新航路开辟使得欧洲的主要商路和贸易中心从地中海沿岸转移到大西洋沿岸；贸易方式的变化：新航路开辟后股份公司、证卷交易所等近代贸易方式逐步发展。4新航路的意义。（1）世界市场联系之路：新航路开辟引起了“商业革命”和“价格革命”，资本主义世界市场的雏形开始形成。文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6（2）人类文明交流之路：世界各大洲孤立状态被打破，世界成为联系紧密的整体。（3）思想震撼之路：证实地圆之说，冲击了神学理论。（4）殖民掠夺之路：西方国家对外殖民扩张的开始，导致东方国家日益贫困与落后。地理大发现在某种程度上可以看作是人类社会从传统社会向现代社会转变的起点。它不仅导致了那些被“发现”地区沦落为西方国家的殖民地，成为宗主国重要的原材料供应基地和产品的出口市场。而且为英国工业革命的成功和英国经济发展做出了重要贡献，也为后来的资产阶级政治革命和思想革命奠定了基础。5“世界市场”、“商业革命”、“价格革命”“世界市场”是世界各国之间进行商品和劳务交换的领域。它包括由国际分工联系起来的各个国家商品和劳务交换的总和。人类历史长河中长期存在农耕世界与游牧世界的对立，新航路开辟，使得海洋这个天然屏障被逾越，世界各地、各个民族、各种文明之间彼此隔绝的状态被打破，横跨大洋的贸易往来使世界市场初露端倪。“商业革命”是新航路开辟后西欧商业经济领域产生的一次重大变革。表现为世界市场的扩大，流通商品种类的增多，商路贸易中心由地中海沿岸转移到大西洋沿岸。加速了资本原始积累的过程，促进了封建生产方式向资本主义生产方式过渡，同时对文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6世界其他地区的社会经济产生重要影响，世界有力地联结为一个整体。“价格革命”表现是：美洲的白银大量流入西班牙，再从西班牙流向热那亚，最后甚至流入奥斯曼帝国。在白银通过国际贸易渠道向东流动时，它所经过的地方必然发生下述现象：物价迅速上涨，货币贬值，出现伪币，投机活跃。在一个世纪里，西班牙的物价上升了大约四倍，其他欧洲国家虽然没有达到这个程度，但它们传统的经济关系也受到了严重的冲击。物价猛涨对欧洲国家的社会发展产生深远影响，以致被称为价格革命。6新航路开辟与郑和下西洋航海活动的影响的差异及启示郑和下西洋迪亚士、哥伦布航行目的1、扬国威2、获得外国的珍宝特产3、加强与海外诸国的联系等、掠夺财富；、扩张领土，占有市场、传播基督教等性质政治行为贡赐贸易经济行为资本主义的海外殖民消极影响国力不堪重负远洋航海业衰落造成亚、非、拉美的长期贫困落后积极积极加强了中国与亚非国家的交流欧洲：商业革命、价格革命世界：世界市场雏形文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6开始出现启示：生产力的发展决定生产关系的进步；先进的生产关系推动了航海业的发展，并进一步推动了人类社会的发展。分享：文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6文档编码:CJ9H2M3J5L4 HO2O8H10K7U1 ZW10L1C4R9J6