2022年高中英语语法总结-名词性从句.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句Noun Clauses）； 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此依据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾 语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；依据从句在句子中的功能分 依据从句的性质分 定语从句 形容词性从句 主语从句宾语从句 表语从句名词性从句同位语从句状语从句第一节学问点讲解副词性从句一【主语从句】顾名思义,主语从句在句子中作主语；有时本身显现在主语的位置上,也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部,前面用形式主语it 代替；从句作主语时,谓语动词一般为单数形式；如: What I saw was beyond any verbal description. That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit. Why the company denied the contract is still unknown. When and where the government will build a city square is under discussion. It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missing. It remains to be seen whether the new novel will be well received. Tips: 主语从句的that 确定不能省去；由于句子是不能做主语的,故用that 引导；如去掉就没有了主语,而宾语从句的that 可省；主语从句： That he is right is known to all of us. 宾语从句： We all know that he is right. 1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常把形式主语it 放在主语位置,真正主语搁置于句末It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平稳句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化；而 it 引导的强调句就是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词 that；被强调部分指人时也可用 who/whom ；例如：a It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真惋惜；b It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你胜利与否不感爱好；c It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的；（强调句型）d It is John that broke the window. 是 John 打碎的窗户；（强调句型）2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构 1 It is 名词 从句名师归纳总结 It is a fact that 事实是 第 1 页,共 8 页It is an honor that 特别荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2 It is 形容词 从句 很自然 It is natural thatIt is strange that 古怪的是 3 It is 不及物动词 从句 好像 It seems that It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 好像 4 It 过去分词 从句据报道 It is reported thatIt has been proved that已证明 It is said that 据说 3. 主语从句不行位于句首的五种情形：（1）if 引导的主语从句不行居于复合句句首；（2）It is said /reported 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：正确表达： It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达： That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：正确表达： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达： That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn t matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：正确表达： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达： Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不行提前；例如：正确表达： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening. 错误表达： Is that will rain in the evening likely. 4. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区分 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语宾语表语,而 that 就不然；例如：a What you said yesterday is right. b That she is still alive is a consolation 二【宾语从句】宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词 We assumed that there would be more than 100 guests. He told the police in detail what he saw and heard. Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years. That will depend on whether they can get the chance. Whether I will have the time I am not sure at the moment. 及物动词 或介词之后；The conductor complained that we were not gifted in singing and that he would never come again. 1. 作动词的宾语 1 由 that 引导的宾语从句 that 通常可以省略 , 例如：I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2 由 what, whether if 引导的宾语从句,例如：a She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么；b I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记；3 动词间接宾语宾语从句；例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请；2. 作介词的宾语,例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的胜利取决于我们之间的合作；3. 作形容词的宾语,例如：I am afraid that Ive made a mistake. 我唯恐我已经犯了一个错误；留意： that 引导的从句常跟在以下形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等；也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作缘由状语从句；4. it 可以作为形式宾语it 不仅可以作为 形式主语 ,仍可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语 中； 例如：that 从句就放在句尾,特殊是在带复合宾语的句子We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了；5. 后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词 这类动词有 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等；这类 词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不行以用 that 引导的宾语从句；如：正确表达： I admire their winning the match. 错误表达： I admire that they won the match. 6. 不行用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不行用于“ 动词间接宾语that 从句 “ 结构中,常见的有envy, order 命令 , accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce（公开指责） , advise, congratulate 等；例如：正确表达： He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达： He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. 7. 否定的转移 如主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy （想象） , guess, imagine 等,其后的宾语从句如含 有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用确定式；例如：I don t think thi s dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿；三【表语从句】表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句” ；可以接表 语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain （留下、保持、依旧）, seem 等；引导表语从句的 that 常可省略；另外,常用的仍 有 the reason is that 和 It is because 等结构；例如：1 The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2 This is why we cant get the support of the people.3 But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4 The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四【同位语从句】名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句；1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句 对于名词进一步说明,说明名词的详细内容,一般由 that 引导,例如：1 The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2 The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开；例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区分（1）. 同位语从句和定语从句相像,二者都有先行词；同位语从句是对先行词的进一步陈述,和先行词是同等的关系,含义相同；定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限制；（2）. 同位语从句表示先行词的内容是什么,进一步说明先行词；定语从句与先行词之间是所属关系,表示 “的 ” ,起修饰作用；（3）. 同位语从句的 “ that 不能省略；定语从句的关系代词“ that 在从句中作宾语时可以省略；（4） 同位语从句的先行词是一个含有概念的抽象名词,从句对这一概念进行绽开或说明；同位语从句和定语从句的异同与辨析；1.正确使用同位语从句的关连词；2.正确运用同位语从句的先行词；3.能正确熟悉并正确翻译同位语从句；同位语从句和定语从句比较练习1. I heard about the news that he got a full mark in this examination. （同位语从句）2. This is good news that I heard from Mary. （定语从句）3. He cant answer the question how he got the money. （同位语从句）4. This is an easy question that he answered in class. （定语从句）五【连接代词、连接副词和连接词】通过以上介绍,我们可以看出,四种名词性从句都需要有一个连接性词在从句的开头；这个词是什么性质,要看它在从句中作作的成分,假如作的是主语、宾语、表语的话,这个词就是连接代词；假如作的是各种状语,就叫连接副词；假如不作任何成分,就叫连接词；引导名词性从句的连接词：连接词 that, if, whether 连接代词：who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever 连接副词 when, where, how, why 其次节 考点分类解析【考点一：语序问题】名词性从句的语序：永久陈述语气 ；即名词性从句中不会显现助动词提前的现象；如：Who he is doesnt matter much.When and where we shall have the sports meet is a question. I don t know what his name is.t know what is the matter with him.I don t know what is wrong with him. = I donYou can t imagine how excited I was at that time. Can you tell me what size shoes you wear. No one can be sure _ in a million years. （ MET1991 ）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. what will man look like B. what man will look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like 【考点二： that 和 what 的区分问题】能引导名词性从句的关系代词有 who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever 八个；为何单独讲what 的用法呢？重要！在考试中显现的频率高！在本书第一章定语从句中,我们提到过,what 是不能引导定语从句的；定语从句中假如缺少的成分是主语、宾语、表语,我们挑选的是关系代词that 或其他；现在山头换了,到了名词性从句的学问范畴了；What 在名词性从句中 就很有用武之地了；仍是分析成分,what 在从句中作的主语、宾语、表语；而 that 只是一个 “ 连接词 ” ,既不作什么成分,也没有什么意义；如: What you did doesnt agree with what you promised. What he couldnt understand was why his teacher was never satisfied with him. The matter of salary is what I care most if I decide to change my profession. What we cant get always se ems better than what we have already got. I think that your composition is no better than his. That you dont love her is not my business. What we have seen is different from _. A. we heard B. we have heard C. what we heard D. what we have heard 答案： D；我们应当可以看出这是个宾语从句；从句中 hear 是个及物动词,缺少宾语；所以,应当选有 what 引导的从句；而不能是 that 或者省略了 that 的情形；I couldnt agree with _ at the meeting. A. that you said B. which you said C. all what you said D. what you said 答案：；与上一题相同,这也是一个考查宾语从句的题目；从句中的say 是个及物动词,缺少宾语；所以,应当选择 what 引导的宾语从句；但是,这个题目最简洁错的选项是；由于有些同学会认为all 是先行词,而后面时what引导的定语从句；但是,what 是不引导定语从句的；所以,根本就是不存在的；【考点三： that 和 whether 的区分问题】有时候,它们两个比较难以区分,由于,它们都是连接词,都在从句中不作成分；但是,它们之间最大的区分在于“意义 ” ；即 that 在从句中既不作成分,也没有自己的意义；而whether 就不同了；它虽然不在从句中作什么成分,但是它又意义,即“是否 ” ；这就能够左右从句的意思,使从句所表达的意思变成一个仍没有确定的因素；如：I don t know whether he can join us or not. I m sure that he can join us. It is none of your business whether I love her. It is none of your business that I dont love her. 综上所述,区分 that 仍是 whether,重要一点就是看主句需要从句表达一个什么意思,是确定的,仍是不确定的；是事实仍是疑问；前者选 that,后者选 whether；如：I have no doubt _ Mr. Johnson will make it here on time. A. that B. whether C. why D. when No one can be sure _ the board will accept our conditions. A. that B. whether C. why D. what 【考点四： if 和 whether 的区分问题】二者在引导宾语从句时都有“是否 ”之意；但并不是永久可以互换；一般认为,二者可以互换的环境也只有在宾语从句中；如：名师归纳总结 He didn t give us explicit reply whether/if he will attend our wedding ceremony. 第 5 页,共 8 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 而在介词的宾语从句中,在主语从句中,在表语从句中,在同位语从句中,在和不定式搭配的结构中等等,习惯上只能用 whether；如：1. _ well go camping tomorro w depends on the weather. （ 1996）A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 2. The question of _ they are old or young is not important. A. which B. whether C. how D. if 3. The question is _ the film is worth seeing. A. if B. what C. whether D. how 4. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. D. how A. if B. when C. whether 5. The news _ our team has won the match is unknown. A. which B. if C. whether D. then 值得留意的是：有些资料依旧强调 if 不能与 or not 搭配的问题；过去有过这样的规定,只是在现代英语中,已经不再强调了而已；现在认为 if or not也可以接受；【考点五： wh-词和 wh-ever 的区分问题】一般认为, wh- 词在引导从句时,依旧保留了很大部分的疑问词的本色,所以,它们引导的从句在意思上应当表达的是一个 “ 问题 ”,如：“ 谁？什么？何时？何地？为何？怎么？” 等；而 wh-ever 已经没有这层颜色,不再关怀这样的“问题”,而是布满了让步的意味,多有“ 无论 ”之意；如：The police wanted to know who will benefit most from the old mans death. 警方想知道谁将从老人的去世中受益最多；Whoever will benefit from the old mans death will be questioned by the police. 能从老人的去世之中受益的全部人都将受到警方的询问；Who will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas hasnt been announced. 谁将被派往洪灾区去救援仍没有宣布；Whoever will be sent to work in the flooded areas will spare no effort to help the people in need. 不管是谁被派往灾区救援都会全力以赴地帮忙灾民；【考点六： no matter wh- 和 wh-ever 的区分问题】二者都有 “ 无论 ”之意；在引导让步状语从句时的确可以互换,没有什么区分；但是,no matter wh- 只能引导状语从句,不能引导名词性从句；Wh-ever 就二者兼收,来去自由；由此包含与被包含的关系打算,二者同时显现而必选其一时,答案确定是 wh-ever；如：Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 主语从句 Whoever/ No matter who breaks the rules, he/she will be punished. 状语从句 Dont believe whatever he tells you. 宾语从句 Dont believe him, whatever/ no matter what he tells you. 状语从句 【考点七：名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题】先看宾语从句的虚拟语气；一般说来,假如从句作的是表示说话人某种观点、态度或要求等语气的动词的宾语时,从句中要求用 should动词原形的虚拟语气 （should 常常可以省略） ；这些动词常见的有： desire, demand, require, request, order, propose, command, advise, suggest 等；如：例： He insisted that she （should）spend more time studying. He demanded that we （should）be on time. The boss required that all waiters should keep standing all day long. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The publishing house suggested that I should type my book out. 有两个特例是 suggest 和 insist；它们俩后面的宾语从句是否用虚拟语气仍要看详细语境来定；如：The doctor suggested that I had a cold；这个 suggest 的意思是 “ 说明,说明 ”；后面不用虚拟语气 The big smiles on her face suggested that she had passed the test. 这个 suggest 的意思是 “ 说明 ” ；后面不用虚拟语气 The doctor suggested that I should stay in bed for a few day. 这个 suggest 的意思是 “ 建议 ”；后面用虚拟语气 The young man insisted that he was well enough to serve in the army. 这个 insist 坚持的是一个事实不是一种观点；后面 不用虚拟语气 That young man insisted that he should be sent to the front. 这个 insist 坚持的是一种观点,即“ 他应当被派往前线”；后面用虚拟语气 以上是宾语从句中的虚拟语气现象；假如是其他三种名词性从句,只要和上述动词有关,也享受同样的待遇；如：The headquarters suggestion is that we should wait for another few days. 表语从句 His order that all the soldiers should swim across the river was refused. 同位语从句 It is strongly recommended that you should take a taxi. 主语从句 另外,在下面这几个特殊的句型中,后面的主语从句也用虚拟语气；a. It is important/ necessary/ natural/ a wonder/ essential （必要的） /suggested that It is important that you （ should）be on time. It is necessary that you should exercise regularly. b. I wish that did . 如：I wish I were a bird. I wish one day I could live on the moon. c. Id rather that did I d rather you did it yourself. I d rather I hadnt lent you that bicycle yesterday. 【考点八：宾语从句的反意疑问句的问题】众所周知,反意疑问句是由句子的谓语和主语的代词形式共同构成；如：He is ignorant, isnt he. He isn t strong, is he. should do 如：但是,假如前面的句子中含有宾语从句,怎么办？答案是肯定针对主句的主语、谓语；如：You know he is ignorant, dont you. think, believe, suppose, expect, am afraid等时,就I told you he isnt strong, didnt I. 有一种例外,当主句的主语是I, 且谓语动词是表示观点的动词如只能针对从句反问了；由于没有人会对自己的观点吗上进行反诘；如：I think he is ignorant, is nt he. I believe he isnt strong, is he. 【考点九： it 在名词性从句中的作用问题】代词 it 的用法有许多； 但近几年的高考关注的却比较集中,宾语和形式主语的用法；如：作形式主语：It worried me a bit that he didnt phone.It occurred to me that she might have forgotten the date. It doesntter when you arrive- just come when you can. 即 it 作为一般回指代词的用法和在名词性从句中作形式名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It wasnt clear to anyone why he didnt come.It was surprising how many unhappy marriages there are. 作形式宾语：I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan. I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English. I think it important that we should keep calm. Dont take it for granted that your parents should do everything for you.t want it to be known that hes going away. He doesn You may depend upon it that all the goods will be delivered in time. 【考点十：主语从句和强调句型的混淆问题】从表面上看, it 作形式主语的主语从句有时候和强调句型有些相像；如：It is impossible that we can persuade him to join us. 主语从句 It is with Toms help that we were able to persuade him to join us. 强调句型 大部分考题都是考查that其实,强调句型其实很简洁,即在 It is/was 与 that 之间放上我们想要强调的某个句子成分；的挑选问题；即考查考生判定某句是否是强调句型的问题；这个看似简洁的问题在出题人的多种变化之下有时也会变 得很令人头疼；下