2022年高中英语语法---被动语态.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高中英语语法 -被动语态一被动语态的构成形式 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态由 be过去分词构成, be 随时态的变化而变化；以 do 为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为（常用九种时态）：1 am/is/are +done 过去分词 一般现在时 例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 现在完成时 例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start. 3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时 例 A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5） had been done 过去完成时 例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6） was/were being done 过去进行时 例 A meeting was being held when I was there. 7） shall/will be done 一般将来时 例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8） should/would be done 过去将来时 例 The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例 The project will have been completed before July. 10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特别结构形式1带情态动词的被动结构；其形式为：情态动词be过去分词；例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍旧保留在谓语后面； 通常变为主语的是间接宾语；例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3 当“ 动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语”结构中的主语,其余不动；结构变为被动语态时, 将宾语变为被动例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词 have, make, get以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式 动结构时,要加 to；to 要省略,但变为被例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 5 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“ 动词介词”,“ 动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开；其中的介词或 副词也不能省略；例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态 一般时态和完成时态 ；例 I don't like being laughed at in the public. 二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时, 不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,仍要知道在哪些情 况中使用被动语态；1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者这时可省by 短语 ；例 My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者；例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地支配句子；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“ 据说” 或“ 信任” 的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词 that 从句” 或“ 主语 be过去分词 to do sth.” ；有：It is said that 据说 ,It is reported that 据报道, It is believed that 大家相 信,It is hoped that 大家期望,It is well known that 众所周知,It is thought that大家认为, It is suggested that 据建议；例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （ The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有许多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特点时,常用其主动 形式表达被动意义 ,主语通常是物；例 This kind of cloth washes well. 留意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特点,成的影响；而被动语态就强调外界作用造试比较： The door won't lock（指门本身有毛病）The door won't be locked（指不会有人来锁门 , 指“ 门没有锁” 是人的 缘由）2. 表示“ 发生、进行” 的不及物动词和短语, 如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义；例 How do the newspapers come out. 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式 , 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义；例 Your reason sounds reasonable. 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义1在 need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被 动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式；例 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理；2形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词 不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式；例 The picture-book is well worth reading（ The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义；例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关系； 试比较： Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted. 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语说明you 不是 post动作的执行者； 4. 在某些“ 形容词不定式” 做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的规律宾语时,这经常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义；这些形容词有 nice,easy,fit ,hard,difficult ,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting 等；例 This problem is difficult to work out . （可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）. 5在 tooto 结构中,不定式前面可加规律主语,所以应用主动形式 表示被动意义；例 This book is too expensive for me to buy. 6. 在 there be 句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主 动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物；例 There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 用 to be lost,谁 lost time 不明确；）to lose 可看成 for us to lose；7. 在 be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动 , 被动表被动；然而 ,由于古英语的影响 ,以下动词 rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 例 Who is to blame for starting the fire.六、介词 in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词；1. “ under +名词” 结构,表示“ 某事在进行中”；常见的有： under control（受掌握）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在争论中） , under construction（在施工中）；例 The building is under construction is being constructed. 2“ beyond+名词” 结构,“ 出乎 赛过 、范畴、限度” ；常见 的有：beyond belief 令人难以置信 , beyond one s reach（鞭长莫及）, beyond ones control（无法掌握）, beyond our hope我们的胜利始料不及；t be believed）例 The rumour is beyond belief（=can3.“ above+名词” 结构 , 表示“ 品质、行为、才能等 超过 、高于 ” ；例 His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“ for+名词” 结构,表示“ 适于 、为着 ” ；如： for sale出售 , for rent（出租）等；例 That house is for sale. = That house is to be sold. 5“ in+名词” 结构,表示“ 在 过程中或范畴内” 常见的有：in print（在印刷中）, in sight在视野范畴内 ,等；例 The book is not yet in print=is not yet printed 6“ on+名词” 结构 , 表示“ 在从事 中” ；常见的有： on sale出售 ,on show（展出） , on trial（受审）；例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum = are being showed. 7“ out of+名词” 结构；表示“ 超出 之外 “ ,常见的有： out of control 掌握不了 ,out of sight （超出视线之外）, out of onefashion不流行 等；s reach够不着 , out of 例 The plane was out of control cant be controlled；8“ within+ 名词” 结构,“ 在 内、不超过 ” ；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 例 He took two days off within the teacher's permission七、被动语态与系表结构的区分当“be+过去分词” 作被动语态时表示主语承担的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时,分方法如下：be 后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词；其区1假如强调动作或句中有介词 by 引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被 动语态,否就为系表结构；例 The glass is broken（系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy（被动语态）2假如句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态；例 The door is locked（系表结构）The door has already/just been locked（被动语态）3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,仍可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态；例 The machine is being repaired八、被动语态与高考试题赏析1高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析 1. In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. NMET1993 A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 2. This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.NMET2002 A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态 一般时态和完成时态 ；例 I don't like being laughed at in the public. 二、如何使用被动语态 学习被动语态时, 不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,仍要知道在哪些情 况中使用被动语态；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者这时可省by 短语 ；例 My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者；例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地支配句子；例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“ 据说” 或“ 信任” 的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词 that 从句” 或“ 主语 be过去分词 to do sth.” ；有：It is said that 据说 ,It is reported that 据报道, It is believed that 大家相 信,It is hoped that 大家期望,It is well known that 众所周知,It is thought that大家认为, It is suggested that 据建议；例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （ The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有许多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特点时,常用其主动 形式表达被动意义 ,主语通常是物；例 This kind of cloth washes well. 留意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特点,成的影响；而被动语态就强调外界作用造试比较： The door won't lock（指门本身有毛病）The door won't be locked（指不会有人来锁门 , 指“ 门没有锁” 是人的 缘由）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2. 表示“ 发生、进行” 的不及物动词和短语, 如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式 表示被动意义；例 How do the newspapers come out. 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式 , 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义；例 Your reason sounds reasonable. 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义1在 need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被 动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式；例 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理；2形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词 不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式；例 The picture-book is well worth reading（ The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义；例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关系； 试比较： Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted. 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语说明you 不是 post动作的执行者； 4. 在某些“ 形容词不定式” 做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的规律宾语时,这经常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义；这些形容词有 nice,easy,fit ,hard,difficult ,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting 等；例 This problem is difficult to work out . （可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）. 5在 tooto 结构中,不定式前面可加规律主语,所以应用主动形式 表示被动意义；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 例 This book is too expensive for me to buy. 6. 在 there be 句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物；例 There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 用 to be lost,谁 lost time 不明确；）to lose 可看成 for us to lose；7. 在 be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动 , 被动表被动；然而 ,由于古英语的影响 ,以下动词 rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示 被动意义；例 Who is to blame for starting the fire.六、介词 in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于 该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词；1. “ under +名词” 结构,表示“ 某事在进行中”；常见的有： under control（受掌握）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在争论中） , under construction（在施工中）；例 The building is under construction is being constructed. 2“ beyond+名词” 结构,“ 出乎 赛过 、范畴、限度” ；常见 的有：beyond belief 令人难以置信 , beyond one s reach（鞭长莫及）, beyond ones control（无法掌握）, beyond our hope我们的胜利始料不及；例 The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.“ above+名词” 结构 , 表示“ 品质、行为、才能等 超过 、高于 ” ；例 His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“ for+名词” 结构,表示“ 适于 、为着 ” ；如： for sale出售 , for rent（出租）等；例 That house is for sale. = That house is to be sold. 5“ in+名词” 结构,表示“ 在 过程中或范畴内” 常见的有：in print（在印刷中）, in sight在视野范畴内 ,等；例 The book is not yet in print=is not yet printed 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 6“ on+名词” 结构 , 表示“ 在从事 中” ；常见的有： on sale出售 ,on show（展出） , on trial（受审）；例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum = are being showed. 7“ out of+名词” 结构；表示“ 超出 之外 “ ,常见的有： out of control 掌握不了 ,out of sight （超出视线之外）, out of onefashion不流行 等；s reach够不着 , out of 例 The plane was out of control cant be controlled；8“ within+ 名词” 结构,“ 在 内、不超过 ” ；例 He took two days off within the teacher's permission七、被动语态与系表结构的区分当“be+过去分词” 作被动语态时表示主语承担的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时,分方法如下：be 后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词；其区1假如强调动作或句中有介词 by 引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被 动语态,否就为系表结构；例 The glass is broken（系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy（被动语态）2假如句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态；例 The door is locked（系表结构）The door has already/just been locked（被动语态）3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,仍可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态；例 The machine is being repaired八、被动语态与高考试题赏析1高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1. In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. NMET1993A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 2. This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.NMET2002 名师归纳总结 A. killed B. is killed 第 10 页,共 14 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - C. was killed D. was killing 3. - Have you moved into the new house.- Not yet, the rooms _. NMET1991 A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting 4. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春 2003）A. are not decided C. is not being decided B. have not been decided D. has not been decided 5. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.（上海春 2001）A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked 1-5 BCADB 2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的规律主语为动作的承担者时, 须用被动式；弄清非谓语动词与其规律主语之间的执行与承担关系是把握非谓语动词语态的关键；1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. NMET2002 A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 2. While shopping, people sometimes cansomething they dont really need. （上海 1996）A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded t help _ into buying 3）I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海 2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame 1-3 BCA【强化训练】名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. If city noises _ from increasing,people _ shout to be heard even at dinnerA are not kept；will have to C do not keep；will have to B are not kept；have D do not keep；have to 2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 3. - _ the sports meet might be put off- Yes,it all depends on the weatherA I've been told B I've told C I'm told D I told 4. I need one more stamp before my collection _. A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed 5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut 6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month. A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. w