英语长难句理解与分析.doc

英语长难句理解与分析龚群华(学员) 发布时间： 2011-04-06 10:52:13  英语长难句理解与分析           一长难句的结构特点根据高考阅读理解命题趋势，高考阅读文章具有以下特点：1. 体裁更加丰富，题材更趋多样化；更加注重深层信息理解能力的考查；更加注重对综合素质的考查；语篇结构较为复杂，长难句有所增加；阅读材料“原汁原味”，提问更加深入；阅读速度要求进一步提高。“原汁原味”意味着理解难度的加大，而阅读速度的要求却是越来越高，因此学生没有一定的相关技能技巧是不可能在二轮复习中取得进步有所突破的。那么如何除掉阅读中的“拦路虎”，首当其冲是要掌握其结构特点。1. 含多个并列结构以2002年高考中最长的句子为例：He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, and thought that he must have buried the hare in a place he knew well, but he still could not see that connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.（ 65 words）实际上全句就由一个主句He found that和两个并列句and,but.组成，只是每个句中都有一个宾语从句，最后的but 并列句中还包含了一 个由until 引导的状语从句（直到有一天他在阿帕斯尔公园碰巧看见 两个石制的十字架， 他才懂得在1773年， 修建这两个十字架是为了向她表示敬意。）As with sports teams, group work can only be successful when group members respect, help and support each other, while the work division is clear and each member performs at the right level in the role that is most suitable to him or her. (Unit11) 正如运动员一样，小组活动只有在组员们相互尊敬，相互帮助和相互支持的情况下才能取得成功；与此同时分工要明确，而且每个成员都要能在他们最合适的角色上发挥出正常的水平。2含强调结构.在人教版高三14单元有这样一个句子：Among the different kinds of bees, it is the honey-bee that has interested scientists most because of the “language” that they use to communicate with each other.(Unit14)该句用逗号将用作状语的介词短语提前，再用强调结构”It isthat”强调主句的主语the honey-bee,最后加长句子的关键是状语中包含了一个由that引导的定语从句。译文为：在各种不同种类的蜂中，蜜蜂因其在彼此之间进行沟通所用的“语言”而最使科学家们赶兴趣。3含多个从句今年湖南高考阅读C篇文章中有这么一个句子：Supporting this claim was the discovery that those children who were unable to form normal emotional ties with others did not experience contagious(有感染力的) yawning, which showed that humans communicate regularly without words.这个句子虽然不是很长，但是那种“句中有句”的类型，主句只是一个简单的动名词短语作主语的主系表结构，但表语后有一个由that引导的同位语从句，同位语从句中又有一个由who引导的定语从句，结尾由which引导的非限制性定语从句中又包含了一个由that引导的宾语从句。4含倒装结构2001年全国高考阅读理解D篇中的句子“Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.” 就是一个典型的倒装句，首先是时间状语Before 1066用逗号提前，再是地点状语in the land带定语从句,接着是该句的谓语动词lived，最后是主语后跟分词短语belonging to作定语。5含省略结构这种结构必须在上下文中体会出省略成分才能理解正确，如2003年高考英语试卷中最长的阅读理解句子：First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （58 words）简析：此句夹杂过去分词短语作状语，介词短语including a French woman scientist作插入语，动名词working out the problem作介词宾语，两个定语从句以及不定式in order to be able to作目的状语，但有好几处都省略了成分。6含插入语或零散结构以1999年高考阅读理解句“Dad ,in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt-a mistake 75% of the US population make every day.”为例，in a hurry to get home before dark是插入语做状语用，句末又用破折号引出也个零散结构a mistake 75% of the US population make every day。对全句进行了一个补充说明：爸爸，急匆匆地在天黑之前赶回家，以便他能出去跑步，却忘记系安全带这是75%的美国人每天犯的一个错误。简析：关键词for a run去跑步。二长难句理解的锦囊妙计根据“有效教学”理念之一要关注学生的发展， 确立学生的主体地位；以及关注教学的策略，教师要有一系列解决具体问题的行为方法，从而我们教师在二轮复习中以学生自己练习为主，多给学生方法与技巧指导是行之有效的高分秘密武器。鉴此，我总结各种高考辅导书，通过反复专研近几年的高考以及课文长难句，提供以下锦囊妙计以供参考：1核心简化法:1.找准主干；2.理清逻辑关系：先将句子的修饰成分(名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句，非谓语动词或短语)去掉,露出主干，然后再分析修饰成分和主句的关系.分析高三课本中的句子： I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sports create good will among the nations, and that if the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket field, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.该句去掉when引导的状语从句，就只有主句“I am always amazed”了。2.分层理解法(结构分析法）: .把长句拆成较短的复合句或简单句。如and, but，or等引导的并列句；which, that, who, where, when引导的定语从句；when, if , though, because引导的状语从句。根据需要再将分词短语，不定式，介词短语，独立主格结构等从句中剥离出来上句在when引导的状语从句中，作宾补的分词saying 后带了两个由that 引导的并列宾语从句，在第二个从句中包含一个由if引导的条件状语从句。这样整个句子就被分解成一个主句，四个从句和一个分词短语了。至此学生在理解单句的前提下，再复合成整体去解读，熟能生巧，受益无穷。3.单句重排：这种方法是以分层理解法为前提的，在分清句子结构后，根据分句标志和连接词,把复合句化解为单个简单句,进行单句重排， 从而使“复杂的句子简单化.” 但这种方法只是一个入门指导，熟练后这只是一个思维过程而已。在1999年的高考中有一个长达45个词的句子：Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear (that) a man say (that)he didnt know (that)his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage。我们给以单句重排：1. A womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage2. It wasnt unusual to hear (that) a man say 3. He didnt know (that)his friends marriage was in serious trouble4. His friend appeared one night and asked him if he could sleep on the sofa.其译文如下：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻；而听见一个男人说直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的。简析：夹杂多种语法结构not unusual=usual； notuntil，直到才。4.意群阅读法：扫描相关的连接词或句型根据意群和语法结构整体阅读， 从而提高速度，增强理解。这种方法特别适合含插入语或零散结构的句子，如前面提到的：Dad ,in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt-a mistake 75% of the US population make every day.读这个句子时我们重点抓住Dad , hurry， dark， run, safety belt，mistake， make就行了。5.句义补全法：根据前后文，将省略句被省略的成分补出来，使句子变得完整将句中的词、词组或短语转换成分句，使句义变得更加明显。此法是针对省略句的，如结构特点六提到的句子：First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab Polytechnique. 现补全如下：1.（The theorem was)first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century;2. (The finest mathematical minds) included a French woman scientist;3. (She )made a major advance in working out the problem;4. (She) had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab Polytechnique.译文如下：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。三长难句的破解技巧长难句的各种方法不是绝对独立的，我们应遵循以下步骤，掌握规律，不断进取：1.捕捉关键词，忽略不重要信息（去枝叶）；2.确定中心句，分析结构（留主干）；3.寻找相关信息连接词或语法结构；4.化整为零，复杂句型简单化；5.意群阅读，分层理解。总之，随着英语教改教研的深入进行，对学生阅读能力的培养与加强已成为教学的重中之重，在阅读技能指导中，我们经常在主旨大意，猜测词义，推理判断以及细节理解各个方面下功夫，长难句理解成了一个被忽视的因素，而这个因素正是我们学生的薄弱环节，以人为本的有效教学理念要求我们从根本上去提高学生的能力，授人以渔，让学生收益终生。因此长难句的分析与方法指导，不只是高考复习的必需，也是我们平时教学中应该予以重视的一个环节。我们应该鼓励学生应难而上，平时把课文中的类似句子收集起来进行疏通甚至诵读. 在高三复习中尽量将近几年高考真题中的长难句集中起来一个个攻克掉，给学生扫除阅读中的一切障碍，让他们以积极自信的态度去迎接高考的胜利。附2007，2008湖南高考阅读理解长难句：1. Since the back building hade been constructed without windows, an all-glass front was added to the building to give it a view of the courtyard, and skylights were installed in the roof.（2008 B.）2. Yocum and Bell, who have just completed an art gallery for the city, feel that the experience from the decoration of their building, focusing on the inside rather than the outside, has influenced their work.（2008 B.）3.A sort of buffer(缓冲) zone between the front and the back contains a bathroom, a kitchen and a mechanical room, and the walls that separate these zones have openings that allow views through to the front of the studio and the courtyard beyond. （2008 B.）4.Supporting this claim was the discovery that those children who were unable to form normal emotional ties with others did not experience contagious(有感染力的) yawning, which showed that humans communicate regularly with out words.（2008.C）5. For example, theres the obvious tendency to smile when smiled at and there are less obvious changes that reflect emotions of surprise, anger or sadness such as a change in our heart rate and blood pressure. （2008.C）6. No matter haw famous the products origins is, if it fails to impress consumers with its own qualities it begins to resemble an exercise in self-promotional marketing.2008.D)7.The Win-Cube project is not something that goes on a piece of paper; it is real-world engineering, allowing high school students to have an opportunity to learn more about the exciting world of engineering through their participation in this challenging program（2007.A）8.Prince is certainly not the only contemporary artist to have worked with so-called “found photographs”a loose term given to everything from discarded（丢弃的） prints discovered in a junk shop to old advertisements or amateur photographs from a strangers family album.（2007 C)9.In addition, as we imagine the back-story to the people in the found photographs artists, like Schmid, have collated （整理）, we also turn toward our own photographic albums. （2007 C)10.Fear-producing TV and computer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors, which will changes the wild places of the world, its creatures and human health for the worse, unless adults get working on childs play.（2007 D)11.research suggests that kids do better academically in schools with a nature component and that play in nature fosters （培养） leadership by the smartest, not by the toughest. （2007 D)12.Everyone, from developers, to schools and outdoorsy citizens, should help regain for our kids some of the freedom and joy of exploring, taking friendship in fields and woods that cement （增强） love, respect and need for landscape.（2007 D)