2022年中考英语动名词,不定式,分词用法与习题精练含答案.docx

名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -动名词,不定式,分词用法与习题精练动名词做主语、宾语和表语 1）做主语；例如：Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方 开战了；2）作宾语 a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语；例如：admit appreciate avoid 避complete 完considerdelay 耽承认感谢免成认为误deny 否detest 讨endure enjoy 喜爱escape fancy 想忍耐逃脱认厌象miss 思念finish imagine 想mind 介postponepractice 完成象意resist 抗击推迟训练recall resent 讨resume risk 冒险suggest 回忆厌连续understand forgive 建议face 面include 包stand 忍keep 继对括受懂得宽恕续例如： Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please. 你把 收音机音量调小一点,好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠 幸运得很,刚躲避了被逮住的厄运；b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分；例如：admit to prefer,be used to lead to devote object to 第 1 页,共 24 页 stick to to no use be fond oneself to no good look be proud be busy can't help of forward to of be tired of be be afraid of think of 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -capable of burst out keep on insist on count on set about put off be good take up give up be at successful in 3）作表语,对主语说明、说明；例如：Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的 工作是洗刷、清扫和照料孩子；比较： She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 4）作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途；例如：a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池 有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂；例如：boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点 a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机6.2 worth 的用法worth, worthy, worthwhile 都是形容词,意为 "值得"；1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时, 表示", 值得 , " 常见的有 It s worth while to do./ It s worth（someone s）while doing be worth doing sth. ", 某事值得被做 " The question is not worth discussing again and again. 这问题不值得反复争论；2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示 ", 值 得, " be worthy to be done "某事值得被做 " The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again. 3. worthwhile： be worthwhile to do sth "值得做某事 " It is worthwhile to ask him to join the club.值得邀请他加入俱乐部；细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -典型例题 It is not _ to discuss the question again and again. A. worth B. worthy C. worthwhile D. worth while 答案 C. 由 worth 的用法可知,此句只适合词组 be worthwhile to do sth.；选 C；动词不定式 动词不定式由 to+动词原形构成；这里的 to 是不定式标志,没有词义；不定式具出名词、 形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和 语态的特点及作用；常见的形式如表所示 （以及物动词 do 为例）,不及物动词没有被动语 态；时态 语态主动被动一般式to do to be done 进行式to be doing / 完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing / 1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语,大致上有三种情形；1）1）有些及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为动词+不定式；例如：aim agree arrange ask decide afford bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long 期望mean manage offer plan pretend tend undertake expect hate intend refuse 例如：The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能准时观察 另一辆车；He offered to help me. 他表示情愿帮忙我；2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,仍用不定式作补语,即有细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -动词+宾语+不定式的结构；例如：ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如：I like to keep everything tidy.我喜爱每件东西都保持干净；I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜爱你使每件东西都保持干净；I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话；I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话；1）3）有些动词或动词词组可以用动词作宾语；例如：+疑问词 +不定式的结构decide know consider forget learn remember show, wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如：Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做；There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定想法买哪一种；2 不定式作补语1）1）有些有动词 +宾语+不定式的结构；例如：advise allow cause challenge command compel drive 驱 enable encourage forbid force impel 使induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如；Father will not allow us to play on the street. 上玩耍；父亲不让我们在街The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火；细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -留意：有些动词如 make,have,get,want 等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补；现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词 表达被动；1 2 有些有动词 +宾语 +不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是 be,不定式一般可以省去；例如：consider find believe think declare（声appoint 称）guess fancy（设guess judge imagine know 想）例如：We believe him to be guilty. 我们信任他是有罪的；We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋； （to be 不能省去）典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.D. having A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented invented 答案： C. 一般没有 consider+宾语 +be 以外不定式的结构,也没有 consider+宾语+doing 的结构,排除 A、B、D；consider用动词 be 以 外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,应选 C；2 3 有些动词可以跟 there +to be的结构；例如：believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 例如：We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有 那么多人在那里；You wouldn t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场 战争发生吧；3 不定式做主语 不定式做主语, 往往用 it 作形式主语, 真正的主语不定式放至句子的 后面；例如： It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真兴奋；It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的；细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -It's very kind of you to help us.他帮忙我们,他真好；It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了；但是,用不定式做主语的句子中仍有一个不定式作表语时,不能用 It is, to, 的句型；另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语；例如：（对） To teach is to learn. （错） It is to learn to teach. （错） To teach is learning. （错） Teaching is to learn. 典型例题The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案： B. 假如不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词；当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词 +动词不定式 "结构的末尾； 4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 这样的句子中, 由于表语形容词性质的不同, 导致了不定式规律 主语标志用 for 或 of 的区分；1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特点特点,表示客观形 式的形容词,如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外 语是很难的；2）of sb 句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智才能,表示主 观感情或态度的形容词,如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right ；例如：It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮忙我,你真是太好了；用 for 仍是用 of 的另一种辨别方法：用介词 for 或 of 后面的规律主语作句子的主语, 用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子；假如通顺用of,不通就用 for；例如：You are nice.（通顺,所以应用of）；for；）He is hard.（非所表达的意思,不通,因此用5 不定式作表语 不定式可放在 be 动词后面,形成表语；例如：My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房 间；His dream is to be a doctor. 他的理想是成为一名医生；6 不定式作定语细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,例如：往往表示未发生的动作；I have a lot of work to do. 我有很多事要做；There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回 家时）两手空空；7 不定式作状语 1）目的状语 常用结构为 to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do, so as to do, so（such）, as to, （如此 , 以便 , ）；例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞速地跑以便赶上第 一班车；I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别；2）作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定 式要放在句子后面；I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发觉箱子不见了；He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜寻了房间,没发 现什么；3） 表缘由 I'm glad to see you. 见到你很兴奋；She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了；4）表示理由和条件 He must be a fool to say so. You will do well to speak more carefully. 8 用作介词的 to to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示；下面的 to 都用作介 词：admit to object to be be used to stick to turn to 开accustomed 始to look be pay attention contribute apologize devote forward to devoted to to to oneself to to 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -9 省去 to 的动词不定式1） 情态动词（ 除 ought 外） 后；see, watch, look at, 2） 使役动词let, have, make 后,感官动词notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后；留意：被动语态中不能省去 to；例如：I saw him dance. 我观察他跳舞；=He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活；=They were made to work the whole night. 3） would rather,had better句型后 4） Why, / why no, 句型后 5） help 后可带 to,也可不带 to, help sb （to） do sth：6） but 和 except后；but 前是实义动词 do 时,后面显现的不定式 不带 to；比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩；He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信；7） 由 and, or和 than连接的两个不定式,其次个 to 可以省去：8） 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以 省去 to be；例如：He is supposed （to be） nice. 典型例题他应当是个好人；1） - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change.A. to try going B. trying to go C.to try and goD.try to going答案： D. why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式,因此选D；2） Paul doesn't have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案： B. make后接不带 to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,不行省略；10 动词不定式的否定式 在不定式标志 to 前加上 not；例如：Tell him not to shut the window；让他别关窗；She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没观察；细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -典型例题1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive答案：A；warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词 never. 2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案：A；not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式；可以只用 to 这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组；及物动词 do 后应有宾语,因此也 B,D 不对；11 不定式的特别句型 too, to,1）too, to 太, 以至于 , ；例如：He is too excited to speak. 他太兴奋了,说不出话来；- Can I help you . 需要我帮忙吗 . - Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了；这箱子太重,唯恐你搬不动；感谢；2） 如在 too 前有否定词,就整个句子用否定词表达确定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意为"不太"；例如：It's never too late to mend.改过不嫌晚；（谚语）3） 当 too 前面有 only, all, but 时,意思是：特别, 等于 very；例如：I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮忙你我特别兴奋；He was but too eager to get home. 他特别想回家；12 不定式的特别句型 so as to 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do；例如：Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持缄默是为了不丢掉他的工作；Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿；2）表示结果；例如： 第 9 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - Would you be so kind as to tell me the time. 劳驾,现在几点了；13 不定式的特别句型Why not "Why not +动词原形 " 表达向某人提出建议,翻译为：" 为什么细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -不,." "干吗不 ,."；例如：Why not take a holiday. 干吗不去度假 . 14 不定式的时态和语态 1） 一般式表示的动词, 有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有 时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事；I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我期望再 见到你；2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；例如：I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很愧疚,给你添了那 么多的麻烦；He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎已经得了感冒；3） 进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；例如：He seems to be eating something. 他似乎正在吃什么东西；4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开头并连续至说话的时候；例如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她争论这问题有好几年了；15 动名词与不定式 1）动名词与不定式的区分：动名词表达的是：状态,性质,心境,抽象,常常性,已发生的的不定式表达的是：目的,结果,缘由,详细,一次性,将发生2）有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语, 意义基本相同；3）有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语, 意义大相径庭；常见的,下一节有特地争论；分词 用法大全 分词既有动词的特点, 由有形容词和副词的特点； 分词有现在分词和 过去分词两种；现在分词有一般式和完成式, 过去分词没有这种区分；及物动词的现在分词仍有主动形式和被动形式的区分；分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词 go 为例）：do go 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 10 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -主动 被动现在分词doing being done been going 过去分词/ done gone 完成式having done having / done 1 分词作定语不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,过去分词强调被动；分词的完成式一般不作定语；分词作其他成分时,也是如此；分词作定语,单个的分词作定语一般前置； 分词词组,个别分词如 given, left 等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置；例如：We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里This is the question given. 这是所给的问题There is nothing interesting. 没有好玩的东西分词作定语相当于定语从句,如 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists. 典型例题1） The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 答案 D. 书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句 which was written 2）What's the language _ in Germany.A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 答案 B. 主语 language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义；spoken,在句中作定语, 修饰主语 language, spoken 与 language有被动关系； 该句可以懂得为： What's the language （which is） spoken in German. 2 分词作状语分词作状语,可以表示时间,缘由,理由,条件,让步,连续等,相当于一个状语从句；例如：Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 11 页,共 24 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -他的信,我给他打了个电话；As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好；If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. 典型例题1）_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案 B. Napoleon 与 follow 之间有被动的含义； being followed 除表达被动之外, 仍有动作正在进行之意；followed by（被, 跟随） ；此题可改为：With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2）There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案 B. 由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动；用现在分词；3）_, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案 C. 此题要选分词作为状语；现在分词表主动,正在进行的；过去分词表被动的,已经完成的；对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选 C；它相当于一个状语从句When it is heated,留意：挑选现在分词仍是过去分词,关键看主句的主语；如分词的动 作是主句的主语发出,分