2022年初中英语语法讲座.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 中学英语语法讲座这一讲里,主要帮忙同学们把握名词、冠词、数词的用法,特殊是针对同学不易把握的方面；一、名词关于名词,我们必需把握名词的数,名词的格； 单数 -可用 a、an 来修饰可数名词单数,在元音发音开头的单词前用 an,而不是 a 可数名词名词的依据数 复数不行数名词 1.复数的构成方法：1一般在复数名词后加 s,如： dog-dogs；2以 s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加 es,如： watch-watches；3以辅音字母加 y结尾的名词,变 y为 i加 es,如：country-countries；s 如：请区分：假如是元音字母加 y 结尾的名词,就只须加 monkey-monkeys；4以 o 结尾的名词, 只有 potato土豆,tomato西红柿 加 es 构成 复数；5以 f、fe 结尾的名词,变 f、fe 为 v 再加 es,如： knife-knives；2.单复数形式相同的词： sheep-sheep,fishfish, Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese 3.特殊变化的单词有： 1tooth-teeth,foot- feet 2man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen 请区分： German德国人 -Germans 3childchildren 4.常以复数形式显现的名词： people人,clothes衣服 ,trousers裤 子 glasses眼镜 ,这些名词作主语时, 同学们应特殊留意它们的谓语,用复数；如：My clothes are be newer than yours. 5.有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数；这一点是同学不易掌 握的,应特殊加以记忆；如： news消息 ,maths数学,physics物 理 No news is good news. 6.可用 how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数；How many are there in your pencil-box. knife 不行数名词：1.常见的不行数名词有： water,rice,fish,meat,等；应特殊记 medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton ,wood. 2.不行数名词无复数,作主语经常看成单数；如：Some bread over there. be 3.常用 how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any等来修饰不 可数名词；4.常用 a piece of, a cup of等来表示不行数名词的量； 如要表达“ 两 片面包” 这样的意义, bread仍为不行数名词,不加 s,而 piece 就可加 s；即： two pieces of bread 请区分：可数名词也可用量来表示,如：三箱苹果 three boxes of apples pieces of bread are over there.be 例： 1、These two 2、Could I have three ,please？A. piece of bread B. .piece of breads C. pieces of bread D .pieces of breads 名师精编优秀资料3.序数词常与定冠词 the 连用；eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year. A. hundred B. hundreds C .hundred of D .hundreds of The lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. twenty 另外,同学们仍应把握与数词有关的钟点表达法；顺读法 钟点分钟 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five 4:15 four fifteen 倒读法 分钟 topast钟点 如： 4:30 half past four 4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five 练习题1.At the beginning of the_twenty century, the world's population was about 1700 million. 2.Are these_watchyours. Yes. 3.You don't look well. You'd better go to the_doctor at once. 4.Would you give me _, please. A. two papers B .two piece of paper C. two pieces of paper D .two pieces of papers 5.There are three _and seven _in the picture. A. monkeys , sheeps B. monkeys, sheep C. monkies, sheep D. monkies, sheeps 6.A lot of_ are talking with two_. A. Germans, Frenchmans B. Germen, Frenchmans C. German, Frenchmen D. Germans, Frenchmen 7.June 1 is _. A. the Children's Day B. the C hildrens' Day C .Children's Day D. Childrens' Day 摸索题1._people went out to see what had happened. A. Thousands of B. Three thousand of C. Thousand of D. Three thousands 2.We have been in the school for_. A. three and a half month B .three and a half months C. three month and a half D .three months and half 3._English is_ useful language. A.A, an B./, a C. The, an D. A, / 四、代词一 人称代词 主格 I you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them 物主代词 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 反身代词 myself yourself himself herselfitself ourselves yourselves themselves 1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语,相当于一个形容词,名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语,相当于一个名词；2.留意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系 ,是单数仍是复数；如：These books aren't ours. Ours are new. 这里 ours=our books This is not our room. Ours is over there. 这里 ours=our room 3."of+ 名词性物主代词 "表示所属如： a sister of his 他的一个妹妹a friend of mine 我的一个伴侣4.人称代词在并列使用时的次序为：“ 其次人称,第三人称,第一人称” ；如： You, she and I all enjoy the music. 5.关于反身代词,同学们须把握其固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time 过得很开心 by oneself=alone 单独、独自 名词的格名词全部格的构成方法,在名词后加“讲 座 's” ；如： Tom's Tom译为“ 的” ,如遇上以 s 结尾的复数名词,就在 s 后加“ ' ” 即 可；如： Teachers' Day , two weeks' holiday,而不以 s 结尾的复数 名词的全部格,仍按惯例加 's ；如： Children's Day 关于名词全部格,应把握以下几点：1.可用名词全部格表示地点；如：my aunt's 我姑姑家；go to the doctor's 去医生家；2.表示两人共同拥有, 在最终一个名词后加 's如：Lucy and Lily's 露 西和莉莉的 a friend of mine 我的一 3.把握词组： a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩个伴侣 eg ; The white shirt is and blue one is A、Kate ,my B .Kate's ,mine C .Kate ,mine D .Kate's, my 二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的,也是简洁的部分,所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法,中考也会表达这一点；归纳起来,同学们应当掌握以下几点：1.冠词指不定冠词 a, an和定冠词 the 2.不定冠词 an 常用于元音发音开头的词前, 如：an hour, an English car. 请区分： a useful machine 3.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词 the 4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词 the.如：the sun ,the moon, the earth 5.定冠词 the 用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前；如：the first, the best ,in the south 6.在复数姓氏前加 the,表示× × 一家人,常看成复数；如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer. 7.在介词短语中常用定冠词 the,如： in the box ,behind the chair 8.特殊留意不能用定冠词 the 的几个方面：1在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词； 如：in summer, in August 请区分：in the spring of 1945. 这里表示特指, 故加 the 2一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词；如： have breakfast ,play football 3一些固定词组中,如： go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ,at night. 9.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请留意区分：in front of 在 前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in the front of 在 范畴内的前部 in hospital 生病 住院 There's 800-metre-long road behind hospital. A. an, an B .a, a C .an, the D. a, the 三、数词同学们第一应会读会写全部基数词和序数词,以及与数词有关的钟点表达法；对数词的考查,中考常采纳单项题及听力题,这些题型归纳起来,应把握以下几点特殊简洁出错的地方；1.基数词变序数词；其规律为：1,2,3特殊记,加 th 从 4 起 first, second, third, fourth 8 少 t,9 去 e,千万别遗忘 eighth ,ninth 逢 5 逢 12,ve 变 f fifth ,twelfth 20到 90,y 要变 ie twentieth ,ninetieth 如是几十几,前基后序别倒位 ninety-first 2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成详细的数字时用单数形 式；如： five hundred people. 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加 s,构成复数形式；hundreds of 数以百计的,成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的,成千上万的 millions of 数百万的 这些词组前不能用详细数字；名师归纳总结 第 1 页,共 5 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - help oneself to 任凭吃 / 喝 些. learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. 自学 练习题 1.-Whose trousers are these. -_, I think. A. They B. Their C. Theirs D. Them 2. Nobody taught_ English. He taught_. A. him, himself B. his, himself C .him, by himself D. his, his （二）修饰可数词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表确定 意义修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little 表确定意义 few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时,常加不定冠词 a. 如:There are quite a few new books in the library. 用 little, a little, few, a few填空 : 1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here. 2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is _ water in the glass. 3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well. 4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday. （三）不定代词 : something, anything, nothing. 当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时,常后置；如： something new There's _ in today's newspaper. 中考题 A. important anything B. important something C. anything important D. something important 四另外,代词 some, every, all, both, either, another 1.some（一些,某）一般用于确定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示恳求的疑问句中；any（任何）多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water. Would you like some meat. May I ask some questions. Could I have some apples. “ 每一个” 强调共性,作定语 ,形式上为单数；2.every单数名词 each “ 每一个” 强调个性,作定语、主语、宾语和同位语,常 与 of 连用；如：Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games. 全部 都” 表示三者或三者以上,作同位语时,一般放在 3.all “连系、助动词之后,行为动词之前；none “ 没有” 表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词 of 如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada. None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）4.both “ （两者）都” 作主语时,看作复数；作定语时,后跟名词复数；either “ 两者中任何一个”作主语时,谓语用第三人称单数 ;作定语时,后跟名词单数；neither “ 两者 都不”, 含有否定意义,用法同either；如：They both swim well. Both of them swim well. There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street. Neither of us is going to Beijing next week Neither answer is right. 5. another +单数名词 , “ 另一个”one the other “ 一个 ,另一个 ”the other +复数名词 = the others “ 其他的人或物” （指确定范畴内剩下的全部）名师精编优秀资料eg; she is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了；3.区分几组易混淆的副词 : 也 too 用于确定、疑问句 also 较为正式书面语 either 用于否定句 已经 already 常用于确定句、疑问句 yet 常用于否定句、疑问句 不再 no not any longer 从时间上讲 no not any more 从动作上讲 如此这样 such 修饰名词 eg: such a big box eg: so big so 修饰形容词、副词 单独、独自 alone 作表语 =by oneself 孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语 eg: A group of girls are singing and dancing _ over there. happy 练习题1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill. A. Others B. Other C. Another D. The other 2.There isn't _ in today's newspaper. A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important 3.-Whose watch is this, Mary. Is it your sister's. -No ,Mum. It's not _. It's _. A. hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D. hers, mine 摸索题 1.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world. A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest 2. An elephant is _ than a horse. A. more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong 3. Which do you like _, tea, orange or water. A. good B .Well C. Better D. Best 六、介词 1与形容词搭配的词组有：be afraid of （怕）be angry with （生某人 的气）be away from （不在某地）be different from （与 不同）be good at （善于）be good/ bad for 对有益 / 有害 be interested in （对 感爱好）be late for （迟到）be/get ready for （为作好预备）be sure of 对 有把 握 be worried about （为 感到担忧）2介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing 形式 1You must take good care of her. 2Thank you for teaching us so well. 3几组易混淆的介词 in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）A “ 在 .之后”after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）如： The baby stopped crying after half an hour. others “ 别人”五疑问代词 5 个“wh”, 即 who, whose, whom, what, which 这里,which 是同学们不易把握的内容,其实,同学们只须记住,对作定语的内容提问,常用 which. I'm going to take the skirt on the right. 97中考题 _ _ are you going to take. 五、形容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级：比较级： 比较 .,更 .一些 最高级： 最. （A）1.构成： 规章情形 情 况 变 化 方 法 例 词 单音节词和少数双音节词 : 一般情形 加 er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest 以字母 e 结尾 加 r, st nice-nicer-nicest 双写加 er, est 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 big-bigger-biggest 以辅音字母加 y 结尾 变 y 为 i 加 er, est early-earlier-earliest 部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加 more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly 2.不规章变化,须熟记：good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthe st bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least B常见的使用情形 和.一样（中间用原级）1.as as 2.not asso 和.不一样（中间用原级）3 than . . .（用比较级）4.有范畴修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的 eg. Winter is the coldest season of the year. This is the best film that I have ever seen . 5.比较级 +and+ 比较级 意为“ 越来越.”eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful 6. The+比较级, the+比较级 越 . 就越.eg:The more, the better. 越多越好 C留意点：1.形容词最高级前肯定要用 the,副词最高级前可省略；2.可用 much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级；3.在比较级中为了防止重复, 在 than 后常用 one, that, those等词来 替代前面提到过的名词；eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai. D把握三种同义句转换：1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest studentin his class. 2.This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one. =That film is more interesting than this one. 3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English. 96中考题：Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs. A .best, or B .better, or C .best, and D. better, and 此外,关于形容词、副词的内容同学们仍须把握：1.形容词修饰名词作定语,跟在连系动词之后作表语；2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 enough属例外词：形 / 副+enough to do enough+名词名师归纳总结 第 2 页,共 5 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师精编 优秀资料The baby will stop crying in half an hour. eg: I won't leave until he comes back. say 说（不及物动词）They will visit their teacher after Friday. B. since（自从 以来） 引导的主从复合句, 主句为现在完成时,say to sb. , 后跟引语 say it again 后常跟 it B for + 一段时间 从句用一般过去时；speak 讲,发言（不及物动词）since +过去的一点时间 eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year. speak at the meeting learn to speak speak English 这两者均用于现在完成时,详细在时态部分,我会连续向同学们 C. while（当 时候,一边 一边 ）它引导的时间状语从句常 talk 谈话（不及物动词）讲解；用进行时态；talk about sth.谈论某事 talk with sb.和某人交谈 C be made of "用 制成 " eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework. tell 告知,讲（及物动词）be made in “ 由某地制造”5引导条件状语从句的连词： tell sb. to do sth. / tell sb. not to do sth. be made by somebody “ 由某人制成”if “ 假如” ,引导条件状从,主句用一般将来时,从句就用一 tell sb. about sth. 后常跟某人 D in, on, at表时间 般现在时； tell the time “ 报时”/ tell a story “ 讲故事”in “ 在某月季节、年 等”请区分于 if “ 是否” 相当于 whether,引导宾语从句, 时态依据语 用 say, speak, talk,tell的适当形式填空：eg: in 1996, in January, in summer 境确定 1.Can you Japanese. 固定词组： in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the end eg:1I don't know if it rain tomorrow. 2.The teacher us not to play in the street. on "用于指详细的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等 " 2If it _ rain tomorrow, I _ not climb the hills. 3.Would you please it in English. eg: on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16 3Joan and Mary haven't seen each other _they left school five years 4.What are you about. at “ 用于详细时刻前和某些固定词组中”ago. 第三组 borrow-lend 固定词组： at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at A. as B. before C .after D. since borrow 借进（短暂动词）times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of 八、动词 borrow sth. 借某物 this month, at the same time 可以分为四类：实义动词（或称行为动词）连系动词、情态动词 borrow sth. from sb. 向某人借某物）留意：在表时间里,以下情形下一般不用介词； 词组里有：next, last, 以及助动词；如 May I borrow your bike. Mine is broken. this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及 the day before 一、实义动词（行为动词）lend 借出（短暂动词）yesterday和 the day after tomorrow 前不用介词；如:不能说 in 1.不及物动词 :不能直接跟宾语 ,常须加了介词后方能加宾语 lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.把某物借给某人 tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天 如:look at for, after, get to on, operate on, hear of, hear from, point 如:You mustn't lend it to others. E. except +宾格/doing something "除 之外” （不包括本身）to at, worry about, knock at, play with, think about等 keep 借（一段时间）,常与一段时间的时间状语连用,为连续性Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. 同义句转换 2.及物动词 :后面必需跟宾语 ,意义才完整 动词；=Only Lin Tao isn't at school today. 在及物动词 +副词 构成动副搭配时 ,代词放中间这一点同学们常 如: How long may I keep it. F “ 用” 通过交通工具 by plane 易遗忘 ,故应特殊加以记忆；第四组 bring-take 用语言 in English 如 :turn on turn on the radio turn the radio on bring 带来（表示从远处拿到说话的地点来）,常与 here, me 搭配通过媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV turn it on 如： Please bring my hat to me tomorrow. 用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands 常见的动副搭配的词组有： put on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, take 带走（表示从说话地点拿到远处去）,常与 there, away搭配G between “ 在 和（两者）之间”write down, move away, take away 等 如： Take your raincoat with you. It's goi