2022年八年级上册英语语法总结.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载八年级上册英语语法总结1 leave 的用法1. “leave+ 地点 ” 表示 “ 离开某地 ” ；例如： When did you leave Shanghai.你什么时候离开上海的？2. “leave for+ 地点 ” 表示 “ 动身去某地 ” ；例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了；3. “leave+ 地点 +for+ 地点 ” 表示 “ 离开某地去某地” ；例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing. 你为什么要离开上海去北京？2 情态动词 should “应当 ” 学会使用 should 作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、诧异、不能懂得等,有“ 竟会 ” 的意思；例如： How should I know. 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today. 你今日为什么来得这么晚？ should 有时表示应当做或发生的事；例如： We should help each other.我们应当相互帮忙；我们在使用时要留意以下几点：1.用于表示 “ 应当 ” 或“ 不应当 ” 的概念；此常常指长辈教诲或批评晚辈；例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应当把手洗洁净了再来；2. 用于提出看法劝导别人；例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 假如你感觉不舒适,你最好去看医生；3. 用于表示可能性；should的这一用法是考试中常常显现的考点之一；例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了；She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来；3 What. 与 Which. 1.what 与 which 都是疑问代词,都可以指人或事物,但是 如： What is your father. = What does your father do. =What is your father's job. 你父亲是干什么的？Which 指代的是特定范畴内的某一个人；如：what 仅用来询问职业；-Which is Peter. 哪个是皮特？-The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩；2.What. 是泛指,所指的事物没有范畴的限制；而 Which.是特指,所指的事物有范畴的限制；如： What color do you like best. （全部颜色）你最宠爱什么颜色？Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow. （有特定的范畴）你最宠爱哪一种颜色？3.what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不行数名词；如： Which pictures are from China. 哪些图片来自中国？4 频度副词的位置1.常见的频度副词有以下这些：always（总是,始终）usually（通常）often（常常,常常）sometimes（有时候）never（从不）2.频度副词的位置：a 放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面；如：David is often arrives late for school.大卫上学常常迟到；7： 10 去上学；b 放在行为动词前；如： We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天常常在c 有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾,用来表示强调；如： Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.d . never 放在句首时,主语、谓语动词要倒装；如： Never have I been there. 5 every day 与 everyday 1. every day 作状语,译为 “ 每一天 ” ；有时我步行回家,有时我骑自行车；如：We go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天7：10 去上学；I decide to read English every day.我打算每天读英语；2. everyday 作定语,译为 “ 日常的 ” ；如： She watches everyday English on TV after dinner. 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语；What's your everyday activity. 你的日常活动是什么？6 什么是助动词名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载1.帮助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词；被帮助的动词称作主要动词；助动词自身没有词义,不行单独使用；例如： He doesn't like English. 他不宠爱英语；（doesn't 是助动词,无词义；like 是主要动词,有词义）2.助动词帮助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来：a. 表示时态,例如： He is singing.他在唱歌；He has got married.他已结婚；b. 表示语态,例如： He was sent to England.c.构成疑问句,例如： Do you like college life.他被派往英国；你宠爱高校生活吗？Did you study English before you came here.你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词 not 合用,构成否定句,例如： I don't like him. 我不宠爱他；a. 加强语气,例如： Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上肯定来参与晚会；He did know that. 他的确知道那件事；3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 7 forget doing/to do 与 remember doing/to do 1.forget to do遗忘要去做某事；未做 forget doing遗忘做过某事；已做 The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯仍在亮着,它遗忘关了；没有做关灯的动作He forgot turning the light off. 他遗忘他已经关了灯了； 已做过关灯的动作 Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来；to come 动作未做 2.remember to do 记得去做某事未做 remember doing记得做过某事已做 Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局； （未去）Don't you remember seeing the man before. 你不记得以前见过那个人吗.（已做）8 It's for sb. 和 It's of sb. 1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特点特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等：It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的；2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right；It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮忙我,你真是太好了；3.for 与 of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子；假如道理上通顺用of,不通就用for.如：You are nice.通顺,所以应用of；He is hard.人是困难的,不通,因此应用for； 9 对两个句子的提问例如：句子： The boy in blue has three pens. 提问： 1.Who has three pens. 2.Which boy has three pens. 3.What does the boy in blue have. 4.How many pens does the boy in blue have. 10 so、such 与不定冠词的使用1.so 与不定冠词 a、an 连用,结构为 “so+形容词 +a/an+ 名词 ” ；如：He is so funny a boy. Jim has so big a house. 2.such 与不定冠词 a、 an 连用,结构为 “如： It is such a nice day. That was such an interesting story. 11 使用 -ing 分词的几种情形such+a/an+形容词 +名词 ”；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载1.在进行时态中；如：He is watching TV in the room. They were dancing at nine o'clock last night. 2.在 there be 结构中；如： There is a boy swimming in the river. 3.在 have fun/problems 结构中；如：We have fun learning English this term. They had problems getting to the top of the mountain. 4.在介词后面；如：Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball. 5.在以下结构中：enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事 finish doing sth 完成做某事 feel like doing sth 想要做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 forget doing sth 遗忘做过某事 go on doing sth 连续做某事 remember doing sth 记得做过某事 like doing sth 宠爱做某事keep sb doing sth 使某人始终做某事 find sb doing sth 发觉某人做某事 see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到 /听到 /观看某人做某事 try doing sth 试图做某事 need doing sth 需要做某事 prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事 mind doing sth 介意做某事 practice doing sth 练习做某事 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事 miss doing sth 错过做某事 12 英语中的 “ 单数 ”1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he, she, it ”代替的；he, she, it my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle 如：2.名词有单数名词和复数名词；如：man（单数） -men（复数）banana（单数） -bananas（复数）3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing 分词,过去式,过去分词；如： go-goes-going-went-gone work-works-working-worked-worked watch-watches-watching-watched-watched 当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必需用相应的第三人称单数形式；如：The boy wants to be a sales assistant. Our English teacher is from the US. Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself. 13 名词的复数构成的几种形式名词复数的构成可分为规章变化和不规章变化两种；I 名词复数的规章变化 1.一般在名词词尾加-s；如： pear-pears hamburger-hamburgers desk-desks tree-trees 2.以字母 -s, -sh, -ch, -x 结尾的名词,词尾加-es；如： class-classes dish-dishes watch-watches box-boxes 3.以字母 -o 结尾的某些名词,词尾加-es；如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes Negro-Negroes hero-heroes 4.以辅音字母加 -y 结尾的名词,将-y 变为 -i,再加 -es；如： family-families dictionary-dictionaries city-cities country-countries 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载5.以字母 -f 或-fe 结尾的名词,将-f 或-fe 变为 -v,再加 -es；如：half-halves leaf-leaves thief-thieves knife-knives self-selves wife-wives life-lives wolf-wolves shelf-shelves loaf-loaves 但是： scarf-scarvesfes roof-roofs serf-serfs gulf-gulfs chief-chiefs proof-proofs belief-beliefs II 名词复数的不规章变化 1.将-oo 改为 -ee；如：foot-feet tooth-teeth 2.将-man 改为 -men；如：man-men woman-women policeman-policemen postman-postmen 3.添加词尾；如：child-children 4.单复数同形；如：sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish people-people 5.表示 “ 某国人 ” 的单、复数变化；即“ 中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把-s 加后面 ” ；如： Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Swiss-Swiss Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenAmerican-Americans Australian-Australians Canadian-Canadians Korean-Koreans Russian-Russians Indian-Indians 6.其它；如： mouse-miceapple tree-apple treesman teacher-men teachers 14 确定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词 1.some 变为 any；如： There are some birds in the tree. There aren't a ny birds in the tree. 但是,如在表示请邀请、恳求的句子中,some可以不变；如：Would you like some orange juice. 与此相关的一些不定代词如 something, somebody等也要进行相应变化；2.and 变为 or；如： I have a knife and a ruler. I don't have a knife or a ruler. 3.a lot of =lots of变为 many 或 much；如： They have a lot of friends. （可数名词） They don't have many friends.There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不行数名词） There isn't much orange in the bottle.1.already 变为 yet；如：I have been there already. I haven't been there yet. 16 in 与 after in 与 after 都可以表示时间,但二者有所区分；2.in 常常用于将来时的句子中,以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间；如：He will leave for Beijing in a week. 一周后他会动身去北京；3.after 常常用于过去时的句子中,以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间；如： He left for Beijing after a week. 一周后他动身去了北京；4.不过,假如 after 后跟的是详细的时刻,它也可用于将来时；如：We will finish the work after ten o'clock. 十点后我们会完成工作的； 5.留意区分以下的 in 的用法；I'll visit him in a week. 一周后我会去拜望他；I'll visit him twice in a week.一周内我会去拜望他两次；第 4 页,共 10 页 17 不定冠词a 与 an 的使用名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前；欢迎下载如：There is a "b" in the word "book". 单词 book 中有个字母b；类似的字母仍有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z；She has a small knife.她有一把小刀；2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前；如：There is an "i" in the word "onion". a；单词 onion 中有个字母i；类似的字母仍有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x；如：Do you have an umbrella. 你有一把雨伞吗？3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不肯定都用an；以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不肯定都用如： a useful booka universea one-letter word an houran uncle an umbrellaan honest person 18 如何表达英语中的“ 穿、戴 ” ？英语中表示 “ 穿、戴 ” 的表达方法有好几种,常见的有以下这些：1.put on 主要表达 “穿” 的动作；如：He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套；You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子；2.wear 主要表示 “ 穿、戴 ”的状态；如：The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜；The girl is wearing a red skirt. 那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙；3.dress 可作及物动词,有“ 给.穿衣 ” 的意思,后接 “ 人” ,而不是 “ 衣服 ” ；如：Please dress the children right now.请立刻给孩子们穿上衣服；dress 也可作不及物动词,表示衣着的习惯；如： The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服；4.be in 表示穿着的状态；如：John is in white today.约翰今日穿白色的衣服； 19 a little, a few 与 a bit of a little, a few 与 a bit of 都有 “ 一些、少量 ” 的意义；他们的区分在哪里呢？1.a little 意为 “ 一些、少量 ” ,后接不行数名词；如：There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水；仍可以接形容词；如：He is a little shy. 他有些害羞；2.a few 意为 “ 一些、少数 ” ,后接复数的可数名词；如：There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人；3.a bit 意为 “ 一点儿 ” ,后接形容词；如：It's a bit cold. 有点冷；a bit of 后接不行数名词；如：He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱；4.a little 表确定意义,little 表否定意义； a few 表确定意义, few 表否定意义；如： There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水；There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了；I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国伴侣；Few people like him. 几乎没有人宠爱他；5. a little = a bit of, 后接不行数名词；a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词,意为“ 有点儿 ” ；20 关于 like 的用法 like 可以作动词,也可以作介词；1.like 作动词,表示一般性的“ 爱好、宠爱 ” ,有泛指的含义；如：Do you like the color.你宠爱这种颜色吗？like 后可接不定式（like to do sth）,也可接动词的-ing 分词（ like doing sth）,有时意思不尽相同；如：She likes eating apples.她宠爱吃苹果； （习惯）She likes to eat an apple.她宠爱吃一粒苹果； （平常不宠爱吃）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载like 与 would 连用,后接不定式,表示愿望或客气的恳求；如：Would you like a cup of tea. 您情愿喝杯茶吗？“ 宠爱某人做某事” 可以用结构 “like sb to do sth/doing sth；”如：They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都宠爱我唱英文歌；2.like 作介词,可译成“ 像.；”如： She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好,就像母亲一样；It looks like an orange. 它看起来像个桔子；3、区分以下句子：A. What does he look like. 为“ 他长相如何？ ” 指一个人的外貌特点B. What is he like. 译为 “ 他人怎么样？ ” 指人的性格特点；C. The boy like Peter is over there. D. A boy like Peter can't do it. A 句指外貌相像,而 D 句指性格相像；如：The book speaks of my hometown. 那本书提到我的家乡；talk 意为 “ 谈话、讲话 ”,假如只有一方对 21 stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth 1.stop to do sth 意为 “ 停下来去做某事” ；如：The students stop to listen to their teacher. 同学们停下来去听他们老师讲话；2.stop doing sth 意为 “ 停止做某事 ” ；如：The students stopped talking. 同学们停止了谈话；与它们相反的句式是：go on to do sth 连续做某事（与刚才一事不同）” 和 go on doing sth 连续做某事（与刚才同一件事） ” ；如：He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.他完成了作业,接着连续去念英语；They went on playing games. 他们连续玩嬉戏；22 tell, speak, say 与 talk 1. tell 意为 “告知、叙述 ” ,指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或叙述一件事；如：He tells me that he wants to be a teacher.他告知我说他想成为一位老师；Father always tells interesting stories to us. tell sb sth 意为 “ 告知某人某事 ” ；爸爸总是给我们讲好玩的故事；如：He told me something about his past. 他告知我一些他的往事；tell sb to do sth 意为 “ 告知某人去做某事” ；如：David told his son to do the homework. 大卫要他的儿子去做作业；1.speak 意为 “ 说话、讲话 ” ,后面主要接语言；如：He can speak English and a little Chinese.他能讲英语和一点汉语；2.speak to 意为 “ 和.讲话、谈话 ”；如：Can I speak to Mr Zhang.我能和张先生讲话吗？talk to；假如双方或多方交谈,多用with；3. speak of 意为 “ 提到、说起 ” ；另一方说话时,一般用如：Please talk to him right now. 请立刻同他谈话；He is talking with his friend. 他在和伴侣交谈；talk about 意为 “ 谈论 .；如：They are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影；have a talk with 意为 “ 与 .交谈 ” ；如：Can I have a talk with you. 我可以和你交谈吗？4.say 意为 “ 说” ；如：Can you say it in English once more. 你能用英语再说一遍吗？say to 意为 “ 对 .说” ；如：He said to his students that they would have a test. 他对他的同学说他们将有一个测试； It is said that. 意为 “ 据说 ” ；如：It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time.据说他能呆在水里很长时间； 23 Excuse me. 与 I'm sorry. 1. Excuse me. 意为 “ 打扰了！对不起！”,一般是为了与生疏人搭话,或者要打断对方所说（做）的事；如：Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood.请问,邻近有旅社吗？Excuse me, could I say something.打扰一下,我能说一些吗？2.I'm sorry. 意为 “ 对不起！ ” ,表示赔礼；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载如：I'm sorry, Mr Zhang. I won't do it again. 对不起,张先生；我不会这么做了；表示时间的 in, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词（组）连用；1.in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间；如：in the morning 在上午in May, 2004 在 20XX 年五月in a week 在一周之内（后）2.on 主要指在详细的一天；如： on Sunday 在星期天on May Day 在“ 五一 ” 节on a hot afternoon 在一个酷热的下午3.at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间；如： at 8:00 在八点 at noon 在中午 25 Other 及其用法 Other 及其相近的词（组） ,如 others, the other, the others, another, any other 等,始终是中同学伴侣们比较困扰的问题,平常的考试、作业中常常出错；下面是它们的一些用法： 1、other 指其余的人或物,全部格是 other's,复数形式是 others,the other 指“两个人或物中的另一个” ,其复数形式是 the others, others 相当于 “ other + 名词 ” ,所以不能充当定语,修饰名词；others 指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分,但不是全部的,即some.others （一些 .其余的人 .）；the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部,即 some.the others. 2、another 泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“ 另外一个 ” ；由 an 和 other 合并构成,所以不能和冠词连用；another 修饰单数名词,比如：another pencil. “ 任何其他的人或物” ,后面要用名词的单数形式；3、any other 指除去本身以外的 26 look 短语 常见的 look 短语有以下这些： 1.look at 朝.看Please look at the map of China.请看中国地图；look at=have a look at 2.look for 查找 The old man is looking for his dog.老人在查找他的狗；1.look like 看起来像 Nancy looks like her mother. 南希看起来像她母亲；2.look the same 看上去一样 Li Ping and Li Jing look the same 李萍和李晶看上去一样； 5.look up 查找