托福阅读插空题解题技巧.ppt

小马托福010-62699622托福阅读插空题解题技巧 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望小马托福010-62699622两种技巧两种技巧1.指代指代2.逻辑关系逻辑关系400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词定义：插入句开头用一个指示代词代替出前文已经出现过的一些信息，从而达到简化语言的目的。做法：利用指代词后面的内容在找前文找指代词所指代的具体内容。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thisExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetus inhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetus wasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thisParagraph7:Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.Thiseconomicrelianceonlivestockincertainregionsmakeslargetractsoflandsusceptibletoovergrazing.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thisParagraph3:Exhibitors,however,wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.AboutayearaftertheopeningofthefirstKinetoscopeparlorin1894,showmensuchasLouisandAugusteLumiere,ThomasArmatandCharlesFrancisJenkins,andOrvilleandWoodvilleLatham(withtheassistanceofEdisonsformerassistant,WilliamDickson)perfectedprojectiondevices.Theseearlyprojectiondeviceswereusedinvaudevilletheaters,legitimatetheaters,localtownhalls,makeshiftstorefronttheaters,fairgrounds,andamusementparkstoshowfilmstoamassaudience.WhenthiswidespreaduseofprojectiontechnologybegantohurthisKinetoscopebusiness,EdisonacquiredaprojectordevelopedbyArmatandintroduceditas“Edisonslatestmarvel,theVitascope.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：theseParagraph5:NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstratabythefossilstheycontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:certainfossilsalwaysappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestratabecomemorerecent.Byfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEnglandsearthintorelativetemporalsequence.Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverywhilestudyingtherocksaroundParis.Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlyinEnglandorFrancebutvirtuallyeverywhere.Itwasactuallyaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationthroughtimeasdidfauna.LimestonemaybefoundintheCambrianor300millionyearslaterintheJurassicstrata,butatrilobitetheubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrianwillneverbefoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian.The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：theseParagraph6:Thediffusionofagricultureandlaterofironwasaccompaniedbyagreatmovementofpeoplewhomayhavecarriedtheseinnovations.ThesepeopleprobablyoriginatedineasternNigeria.Theirmigrationmayhavebeensetinmotionbyanincreaseinpopulationcausedbyamovementofpeoplesfleeingthedesiccation,ordryingup,oftheSahara.Theyspokealanguage,proto-Bantu(“Bantu”means“thepeople”),whichistheparenttongueofalanguageofalargenumberofBantulanguagesstillspokenthroughoutsub-SaharaAfrica.WhyandhowthesepeoplespreadoutintocentralandsouthernAfricaremainsamystery,butarchaeologistsbelievethattheirironweaponsallowedthemtoconquertheirhunting-gatheringopponents,whostillusedstoneimplements.Still,theprocessisuncertain,andpeacefulmigrationorsimplyrapiddemographicgrowthmayhavealsocausedtheBantuexplosion.These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：theseParagraph2:OutflowchannelsareprobablyrelicsofcatastrophicfloodingonMarslongago.Theyappearonlyinequatorialregionsandgenerallydonotformextensiveinterconnectednetworks.Instead,theyareprobablythepathstakenbyhugevolumesofwaterdrainingfromthesouthernhighlandsintothenorthernplains.Theonrushingwaterarisingfromtheseflashfloodslikelyalsoformedtheoddteardrop-shaped“islands”(resemblingtheminiatureversionsseeninthewetsandofourbeachesatlowtide)thathavebeenfoundontheplainsclosetotheendsoftheoutflowchannels.Judgingfromthewidthanddepthofthechannels,theflowratesmusthavebeentrulyenormousperhapsasmuchasahundredtimesgreaterthanthe105tonspersecondcarriedbythegreatAmazonriver.Floodingshapedtheoutflowchannelsapproximately3billionyearsago,aboutthesametimesasthenorthernvolcanicplainsformed.These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指示代词：thoseTPO30-R1 Thereisadanger,ofcourse,thatplaymaybemisinterpretedornotrecognizedasplaybyothers,potentiallyleadingtoaggression.Thisisespeciallytruewhenplayconsistsofpracticingnormalaggressiveorpredatorbehaviors.Thus,manyspecieshaveevolvedclearsignalstodelineateplayfulness.Dogs,forexample,willwagtheirtails,getdowntheirfrontlegs,andsticktheirbehindsintheairtoindicate“whatfollowsisjustforplay.”With messages such as those,even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：itParagraph3:Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsduringthisimportant100-million-yearperiodisthatearlyanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplydidnotfossilize.Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelythanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoccur.Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsincludeveryrapidcoveringbysedimentsthatcreateanenvironmentthatdiscouragesdecomposition.Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalshavebeenknownformanyyears.Itisrelativelyrarebecausethefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsrequiresaspecialenvironment.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：theyModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfinitelyimpressedtothethoroughlydisgusted.Asalways,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallyamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoadmirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletyofGreece.Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodyofopinionthatdislikesRome.Formany,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.Greekcivilizationhadquality;Rome,merequantity.Greecewasoriginal;Rome,derivative.Greecehadstyle;Romehadmoney.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchanddevelopmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreintellectualRomans.“HadtheGreeksheldnoveltyinsuchdisdainaswe,”askedHoraceinhisepistle,“whatworkofancientdatewouldnowexist?”They esteem symbols of Roman power,such as the massive Colosseum.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：theyTPO10.3Paragraph6:Thedevelopmentofbankingandotherfinancialservicescontributedtotheexpansionoftrade.Bythemiddleofthesixteenthcentury,financiersandtraderscommonlyacceptedbillsofexchangeinplaceofgoldorsilverforothergoods.Billsofexchange,whichhadtheiroriginsinmedievalItaly,werepromissorynotes(writtenpromisestopayaspecifiedamountofmoneybyacertaindate)thatcouldbesoldtothirdparties.Inthisway,theyprovidedcredit.Atmid-century,anAntwerpfinancieronlyslightlyexaggeratedwhenheclaimed,“0necannomoretradewithoutbillsofexchangethansailwithoutwater.Merchantsnolongerhadtocarrygoldandsilveroverlong,dangerousjourneys.AnAmsterdammerchantpurchasingsoapfromamerchantinMarseillecouldgotoanexchangerandpaytheexchangertheequivalentsuminguilders,theDutchcurrency.TheexchangerwouldthensendabillofexchangetoacolleagueinMarseille,authorizingthecolleaguetopaytheMarseillemerchantinthemerchantsowncurrencyaftertheactualexchangeofgoodshadtakenplace.Theycouldalsoavoidhavingtoidentifyandassessthevalueofawidevarietyofcoinsissuedinmanydifferentplaces.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：otherWhatdoyourememberaboutyourlifebeforeyouwerethree?Fewpeoplecanrememberanythingthathappenedtothemintheirearlyyears.Adultsmemoriesofthenextfewyearsalsotendtobescanty.Mostpeoplerememberonlyafeweventsusuallyonesthatweremeaningfulanddistinctive,suchasbeinghospitalizedorasiblingsbirth.Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：otherParagraph2:SpeculationontheoriginofthesePacificislandersbeganassoonasoutsidersencounteredthem,intheabsenceofsolidlinguistic,archaeological,andbiologicaldata,manyfancifulandmutuallyexclusivetheoriesweredevised.PacificislandersarevariouslythoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,SouthAmerica,Egypt,Israel,andIndia,aswellasSoutheastAsia.ManyoldertheoriesimplicitlydeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativityofthePacificislanders.Forexample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerryassumedthatonlyEgyptianswouldhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.TheyinferredthattheEgyptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorld(NorthandSouthAmerica).In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeyerdahldriftedonabalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsandcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorythatPacificislanderswereNativeAmericans(alsocalledAmericanIndians).Latertheoriesconcentrateonjourneysintheotherdirection.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：certainParagraph5:Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spurgefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld,whereaccumulationofhighconcentrationsofmetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622指代：thereNearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622逻辑关系词 因果转折让步递进并列条件总分（举例&总结）400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622 1.因果：因：because,becauseof,for,since,as,inthat,nowthat，resultfrom，asaresultof例句：nowthat既然Nowthattheproblemhasbeenidentified,appropriateactioncanbetaken.现在既已找出问题的症结，即可采取适当行动Nowthatyouveseenthehouse,Illshowyouthegrounds.屋子你已看过了，我领你参观一下庭园。ThedaysareclosinginnowthatitisSeptember.已是九月了，白天正变得越来越短。例句：asaresultof由于.的结果，起因Shediedasaresultofherinjuries.她由于受伤而死亡。Hewasmadekingasaresultofvariousintrigues.由于搞了各种各样的阴谋，他当上了国王。Herheartwasslightlydamagedasaresultofherlongillness.久病使她的心脏受到一些损伤。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622 1.因果：果：leadto,contributeto,sothat,so,thus,therefore,consequently,consequently,resultinresultin，hencehence例句：contributeto有助于，促成Smokingisamajorfactorcontributetocancer.吸烟是致癌的一个重要因素。400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果Paragraph6:Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant.Consequently,tunasdonotneedtosuckinwater.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallengersscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?Thus,scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622因果Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures,perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings,it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared.Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals.Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period,when the herds of game were decreasing.Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someotherexplanationisneeded.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622 2.转折：but,however,yet(然而),whereas,ratherthan,insteadof,unlike,infact,actually弱转，onthecontary,contraryto，conversely例题1：Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedordestroyedbyhumanactivities.ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremostimportanttothecommunitysresistancetodestruction,aswellasitsrecovery.In fact,damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.400-0123-267资料下载频道小马托福010-62699622 例题2：Paragraph5:ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.Others,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregionswater.Paragrapsuppliesh6:Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastqu