新编简明语言学教程教案第2章.doc

Chapter 2 Phonetics  Contents:2.1.The phonic medium of language2.2.1 What is phoneticspharyngeal cavity2.2.2 Organs of speech oral cavitynasal cavitybroad transcription2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds narrow transcriptionvowel2.2.4 Classification of English speech soundsconsonants 2.3 phonology 2.3.1 phonology and phonetics2.3.2 phone, phoneme, and allophone因素，音位和音位变体2.3.3 phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pairSequential rules2.3.4 Some rules in phonology Assimilation ruleDeletion rulestress 2.3.5 Suprasegmental features tone intonation 2.1.The phonic medium of language2.2.1. What is phonetics Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language.语音学是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音。Articulatory phonetics-it studies how a speaker uses his speech organ to articulate the sounds.Acoustic phonetics- it studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.发音语音学通过观察声波研究语音的传播方式，即语音经过空气从一个人到达另一个人的物理方式。Auditory phonetics- it studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.2.2.2 Organs of speech (vocal organs)the pharynx (pharyngeal cavity), the mouth (oral cavity), and the nose (nasal cavity). 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds语音的正字法表征 a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way.2.2.3.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet)IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet  1.3.2 Two ways to transcribe speech sounds Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.Narrow transcription: transcription with letter-symbols togetherwith the diacritics. This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.Diacritics: A set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone can possibly do.2.2.4 Classification of English speech soundsVowels are modifications of the voice-sound that involve no closure, friction, or contact of the tongue or lips.(Bloomfield)元音是一种不涉及舌头或嘴唇的闭合、摩擦或接触的浊音变体。A vowel is defined as a voiced sound in forming which the air issues in a continuous stream through the pharynx and mouth, there being no audible friction.(Jones) 元音被定义为这样一种浊音，在它的形成过程中，连续的气流通过咽腔和嘴，而且不产生听得见的摩擦。2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonants place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished manners of articulation:stops闭塞音:如果发音器官造成的阻塞是完全的或彻底的，通过听觉上释放阻塞和气流再次传出而发出的语音被称为闭塞音或破裂音。 p b; t d; k g。fricatives摩擦音:如果阻塞不完全，气流通过嘴形成的狭窄通道得以在某一点发生确定的摩擦。fvsz ðhaffricates塞擦音:如果阻塞开始是完全的，由于部分阻塞引起摩擦（像在摩擦音中那样）而慢慢释放。：t、dliquids流音：当气流受到阻塞，但能勉强从舌的一个或几个部位（舌尖或两侧）与上腭见的通道穿过。1rnasal鼻音:如果将软腭降低至口腔后部，从而使鼻腔通道张开让气流经过。m n glides: 滑音有时也称半元音，是一个比较边缘的类别。wjplace of articulation:bilabial双唇音:在发这些音时，双唇合拢形成阻塞。pbmwlabiodental唇齿音:下唇与上齿接触造成阻塞。fvdental齿音:阻塞发生在舌尖与上齿之间。 ðalveolar齿龈音:舌尖与上齿龈接触发生阻塞。tsdzn1rpalatal腭音:阻塞发生在舌后与硬腭之间。 t djvelar软腭音: 舌后与软腭接触。kgglottal喉音:声带暂时合拢而产生阻塞。h2.2.4.2 Classification of English vowels:Vowels Momophthong:front vowelsi:ie æ a, central vowels: , backvowelsu:u : a:close vowelsi:i :u,semi-close vowels e :,semi-open vowels :,open vowelsæa a:diphthong:eiaiau u ii u2.3 Phonology 2.3.1 phonology and phoneticsPhonetics and phonology are the two disciplines dealing with speech sounds. While both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetic studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received. Phonology. 2.3.2 phonemes, phones and allophonesphone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.音素是一个语音单位或者说语音段。我们在语言交际中听到的、发出的语音都是音素。Conventionally, phones are placed with in square brackets “” phoneme: A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.音位是一个音位学的单位，而且是一个有区别意义的单位，是一个抽象单位。 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.在不同的语音环境下代表某个音位的音素被称为该音位的音位变体。  One phoneme may have several allophones, but the choice of an allophone is rule-governed.英语中的音位/l/能被实现为模糊舌边音l、清晰舌边音l等。它们都是音位/1/的音位变体。2.3.3 phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair2.3.31        Minimal pairs (最小对立体) a minimal pair : lit-lip; phone-tone; pill-billa minimal set: beat, bit, bet, boot, but, bite The minimal pair test helps establish which sounds contrast in a language.2.3.32 Complementary distribution Not all speech sounds occur in the same environment, when the two sounds never occur in the same environment they are said to be in complementary distribution. Sequential rules2.3.4 Some rules in phonology Assimilation ruleDeletion rule1.Sequential rules：This indicates that there are rules that govern the combination of sound in a particular language. These rules are called sequential rules.在某特定语言中存在支配语音组合的规则，这些规则被称为序列规则。比如一个词以1或r音开头，那么下个音一定是元音。1bik1kbi.另外，如果三个辅音都出现在词首，这个语音组合必须遵守以下三条规则：（1） 第一个音位一定是/s/;（2） 第二个音位一定是/p/t/或/k/（3） 第三个音位一定是/1/r/或/w/Spring, strict, square, splendid, screem 2.Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.同化规则是通过“复制”序列中音位的特征来使一个语音同化为另一个， 从而使两个音素相似。语音同化大多反映在拼写中，因为n音被同化为m音，所以possible的否定形式不是inpossible，而是impossible。同样,plausible, legal,regular的否定形式分别是impossible,illegal,irregular。Deletion rule: Another phonological rule is the deletion rule. It tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.另一个音位学规则是省略规则。省略规则告诉我们一个拼写上有表现的语音在什么时候该省略。省略词末鼻辅音前面的g音。Sign-signature, reign-resignation.stress 2.3.5 Suprasegmental features tone intonation 超音段特征The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called Suprasegmental features, these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.超出音段层面的语音特征被称为超音段特征，是指音节、词、句子这些单位的音位学特征。Tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.音调是指由声带振动的不同频率引起的音高变化。Intonation：when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentences rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.如果音调、重音和音长与句子而不是单个的词联系起来，它们就被统称为语调。