材料概论复习题.doc

Chapter 11. In the term “Materials Science and engineering”, the word materials include       and          materials, “science” relates to the          of materials, “engineering” is about             .? 2. To understand the properties of a material, one needs to examine            of the material at either microscopic or submicroscopic scale (atomic and/or microscopic).Composition-technology-structure-properties-application is the line in materials science and engineering.3. structural materials include          ,?             ,             ,                  .4. semiconductors are a type of electronic materials with its unique,               electrical conductivity.5. What are the levels (or steps) in the selection of materials for a given design?1.1 6. What are the general characteristics of metals? (or what are the characteristics that a material is considered to be metallic?)7. Where are the metal elements located in the periodic table?8. Various aluminum parts can be fabricated by              . The unusually high degree of          for the these alloys is possible with a carefully controlled,                      microstructure.9. Compare the properties of aluminum and aluminum oxide (advantages and disadvantages)10. What are the developments in ceramic technology?11. SiO2 is the basis of a large and complex family of                 , which include clays and claylike materials.12. The composition characteristics of ceramics.13. Explain the concept “ crystalline” and “ noncrystalline”.14. Constituents in window glasses.15. What are steps for getting glass-ceramics?16. Structure and property characteristics of glass-ceramics.17. Characteristics of lithium aluminosicliate compounds.18.What is the alternative name for polymers? What do plastics imply?19. Polymer consists of “poly” and “mer”. What is “mer”?20. What are the elements for the polymers? 21.What is the property that plastics share with metals?22. What are characteristics of polymers (advantages and disadvantages)?23. What are the progress of “engineering polymers”?24. What are composites?25. Take fiberglass as an example to explain the property of good composites.26. Give examples of composites and their constituents.27. What is semiconduction?28. Where are the semiconducting elements located in the periodic table? Give the names of examples.29. Give examples of compound semiconductors and their applications.1.2 30. Why aluminum alloys are more ductile than magnesium alloys?31. Why commercial ceramics are normally not transparent?32. How to get transparent ceramics?33. What is the relationship between porosity and transparency of ceramics?34. What is the application of transparent alumina ceramics?1.3 35. The importance of materials selection?36. Compare the characteristics of four structural materials.37. What are the factors considered in selection a substitute material? Chapter 7 Metals7.1 Ferrous alloys1. What are the two main categories of ferrous alloys? What is difference between them? 2. What are the types of steels? How are they classified? 3. The properties and other characteristics of carbon and low-alloy steels. Examples of their applications. 4. What are HDLA steels? What are important to obtain these steels? 5. What are the types of high-alloy steels? What are their main characteristics? 6. Why stainless steels are resistant to rusting and staining? 7. What are the types of stainless steels? How do they differentiate from each other? 8. What are applications of tool steels? 9. Can plain-carbon steels also be used as tool steels? 10. What are the elements in normal cast irons? 11. What are the characteristics of cast irons? 12. How cast irons are shaped? 13. What are the differences between cast irons and related wrought alloys? 14. What are the types of cast irons? What are their differences? 15. How to get amorphous alloys? What is feature of their microstructure? How about the superior properties of amorphous alloys? 16. Why amorphous alloys are attractive for soft-magnet transformer cores? 17. What are rapidly solidified alloys? What are the differences and common features of amorphous alloys and rapidly solidified alloys? 7.2 Non Ferrous alloys1. Characteristics of aluminum alloys. 2. Characteristics of Al-Li alloys. Where are the alloys used? 3. What are differences between aluminum and magnesium alloys? 4. What is passivation? How does it contribute to the properties of titanium? 5. What are types of structures of titanium alloys? 6. Characteristics of copper alloys and their application examples. 7. Characteristics of nickel alloys. 8. What is galavanization and its application? 9. What are the application of lead alloys? What is the problem with applications of lead? 10. what are refractory and precious alloys? 7.3 Major mechanic propertiesa stress versus strain 1. What is the direct result of a pull-test? 2. How to get the stress versus strain curve? 3. What are the two parts in the stress versus strain curve? What are the differences? 4. How to get the yield strength form stress versus strain curve? 5. What are mechanisms of elastic deformation and plastic deformation? 6. What does modulus elasticity (E) represent? How to get E from the stress versus strain curve? 7. What are the indexes or parameters obtained from the stress versus strain curve? 8. What is special for the stress versus strain curve of the low-carbon steel? 9. What is Poission ratio? How to get it? 10. Elastic deformation under shear loadings and shear modulus? b hardness1. How to do a hardness test? 2. What are the different ways to express hardness? 3. What is relationship between hardness and strength? c impact energy1. How to measure impact energy? 2. What is relationship between impact energy and toughness? 3. What is the influence of the notch on the result from the Charpy test? 4. What is the influence of test temperature on the result from the Charpy test? 5. What is ductile-to-brittle transition of low-carbon steels? What the result of such a transition? Examples? 6. Microstructural features of brittle and ductile failures. d fracture toughness1. The term fracture mechanics means the general analysis of           of          materials with preexisting              . 2. Fracture toughness is represented by the symbol KIC and is the critical value of                at a         necessary to produce catastrophic failure. 3. Compare the fracture toughness of brittle and ductile materials. e fatigue1. Give explanation for the concept of fatigue. 2. Draw a typical fatigue curve. 3. What is mechanism of fatigue phenomenon? 4. What the characteristics of a fracture surface in the case of fatigue? 5. What is fatigue strength (endurance limit)? f creep1. The definition of creep. 2. What are the three stages of creep curve and the mechanism behind? 3. How the Arrhenius plot is used in the creep phenomenon? 4. The simple way to characterize the creep behavior.   Chapter 88.1 1. Why SiO2-based silicate materails are abundant? 2. List examples of traditional ceramics. What are their applications? 3. The composition system of Portland cement. 4. What are refractories? Where can they be used? 5. Give examples of advanced ceramics. What are differences between the advanced and traditional ceramics? 6. Give examples of non-oxide ceramics and their applications. 8.27. In point view of raw materials, what is similarity between silicate glasses and ceramics?8. What are oxides named in the glass composition? What are their roles in glasses?9. What is vitreous silica and its application?10. What is borosilicate glass? What are the oxides are used to make it? What are their applications?11. The general composition and applications of soda-lime-silica glasses.12. What are glazes and enamels? What are the similarity and difference?13. Examples of nonsilicate glasses.8.314. Why do glass-ceramics begin as ordinary glasses? What heat treatment is needed?15. What are characteristics of the omicrstructure of glass-ceramics?16. What are the advantages of glass-ceramics?17. Illustrate the crystallization of ordinary glass and glass after carefully controlled heat treatment.18. What are important to obtain glass-ceramics with fine (small) crystallites?19. The thermal properties of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics.8.4 20. What is brittle fracture?21. What is relationship between the tensile and compression strength of ceramics? Why?22. What is modulus of rupture? Form which test is it obtained?23. What is Graffith crack model? (Why ceramics and glass are brittle?)24. What is transformation toughening? Illustrate the mechanism.25. How microcracks raise fracture toughness?26. What is static fatigue? What are the conditions for static fatigue?27. Why creep is mor important in ceramics?28. What factors play important roles in the creep of ceramics?29. What is thermal shock?30. What is relationship between thermal shock and coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity? ?(How does thermal shock follow the properties of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity?)31. What are the factors influencing the thermal shock?32. What are the unique response when measuring the thermal expansion of a glass?33. What is Tg? What is the difference of a glass below and above its Tg?34. Draw a thermal expansion curve and a specific volume versus temperature curve of a glass?35. What are the ranges in the viscosity curve of a soda-lime-silica glass?36. Compare the words: Viscous behavior, viscosity, diffusivity, fluidity37. How viscous deformation is used in tempered glass?8.5 38. What is refractive index?39. What are the typical values of the refractive index for ceramics and glasses? What do these values mean?40. If a glass has a high refractive index, what will happen? What is the application of such a glass?41. What is reflectance? What is relationship between reflectance and refractive index?42.What is the difference between specular and diffuse reflection?43. Why do glasses and glassy coatings have high surface gloss?44. What do transparency, translucency and opacity mean?45. The microscopic mechanism of scattering?46. How color is formed in ceramics and glasses?47. The reasons for the opacity of ceramics and metals.