2022年微观经济学[第二十章公共产品与公共资源]山东大学期末考试知识点复习 .pdf

名师整理精华知识点第二十章公共产品与公共资源本章内容概述本章运用预知某种产品能否由市场有效提供的方法来考察这种产品的某些特性，发现当产品具有特定特性时，市场是失灵的。根据产品是否具有消费的竞争性(即同一单位商品不能在同一时间被另一个人使用)，以及产品是否具有排他性(即产品的供应者可以拒绝没有支付费用的人去消费产品)，作者将产品分为私人产品、人造稀缺产品、公共资源和公共产品。如果商品的消费具有非竞争性或者具有非排他性，市场将不能实现有效率的结果，只能通过政府进行市场干预来实现。最后，本章解释了为什么很难找到政府干预的适当水平。要点：辨别产品是属于私人产品、公共产品、公共资源还是人造稀缺产品的一个简单方法是看产品是具有消费的竞争性还是具有消费的非竞争性。是具有消费的排他性还是具有消费的非排他性。从私人产品开始顺时针旋转，表20-1 区分了四种不同类型的产品(教材中图20 一 1)：如果一种产品同时具有消费的竞争性和消费的排他性，那么这种产品就是私人产品。如果一种产品同时具有消费的排他性和消费的非竞争性，那么这种产品就是人造稀缺产品。如果一种产品同时具有消费的非竞争性和消费的非排他性，那么这种产品就是公共产品。如果一种产品同时具有消费的竞争性和消费的非排他性，那么这种产品就是公共资源。名师整理精华知识点要点：边际社会收益等于个人边际收益的总和。当决定公共产品的供给量时，政府会比较增加一单位产品的边际成本和边际社会收益。只要边际社会收益大于边际成本，政府就应该增加额外一单位的产品供给。只有当边际成本超过边际社会收益时，政府才应该停止公共产品的供给。因为公共产品具有非排他性，一个人对产品的消费不影响其他人对这种产品的消费，增加一单位公共产品的边际社会收益等于所有消费者个人边际收益的总和。表 202 和图 201 表示了三个消费者(波特、埃尼亚和埃尔玛)公共产品的个人边际收益，以及产品的边际成本。因为边际成本总是大于个人的边际收益，因此这三个人中没有人购买公共产品。文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4名师整理精华知识点从社会的角度来看，提供公共产品使得三人的状况都变好了。图 202 是边际社会收益曲线和边际成本曲线。边际社会收益曲线是每个产量水平上个人边际收益的垂直加总。公共产品的有效数量(边际社会收益等于边际社会成本时的数量)为 3 单位。要点：人造稀缺产品市场达到均衡时。总剩余的损失与自然垄断所产生的总剩余的损失类似。人造稀缺产品是指同时具有消费的非竞争性和消费的排他性的产品。增加一单位人造稀缺产品的边际成本为零。但是因为企业只有在价格大于零的情况下(企业必须获得一些收入)才愿意生产人造稀缺产品，因此，价格总是大于边际成本。还因为边际成本等于零，人造稀缺产品的生产不存在可变成本，所有成本都是固定成本，这意味着平均总成本曲线总是下降的。这与自然垄断的情况是相似文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4名师整理精华知识点的，自然垄断的平均总成本曲线在相关产量范围内是下降的，并且边际成本总是小于平均总成本，我们知道对于自然垄断者来说价格必须大于边际成本。不论什么时候，只要价格高于边际成本，就存在总剩余的损失，市场均衡是无效率的。图 203和图 204分别表示了人造稀缺产品和自然垄断市场情况下的总剩余的损失(阴影三角形)。文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 ZY2O6G3K7L4文档编码:CR10B9Y2T2J1 HA2P10Y9Y1U5 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