2022年初中英语语法总结归纳.docx

精品_精品资料_语法学习（一） 动词语态动词的语态主要分为两种：主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者,被动语态指主语是谓语动作的承担者,.I have done the job.（主动句）The job has been done.（被动句）1. 被动语态依据时态的不同,可分为以下几种类型：一般现在时：am/is/are+done;2. 一般过去时： was/were+done3. 现在进行时： am/is/are+being done 4 过去进行时： was/were+being done5. 将来时： will/would+bedone,begoingtobe done,betobe done6. 现在完成时： have/has +been done 7 过去完成时： had+been done8 将来完成时： will+have been done2 被动语态门主功语态一样具有不同时态,其时态的变化取决于时间状语,其时态的变化形式由其助动词 be 的事态变化形式来表达The house is being painted now.（现在进行时被动语态）Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.（现在完成时被动语态）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3 被动语态的意义（1 ）不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者（无须加buy 短语）Colour TV sets are sold in that shop.Football is plated all over the world.(2) 突出和强调行为或动作的承担着.History is made by the people.The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.(3) 有时主语较长,可后置.It's said that we have won the game.4 在使役动词make及感官动词 see, hear . 等动词的被动语态形式后面显现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号“to"The teacher made Tom answer it again.（主动语态,不加“to" Tom was made to answer it again.（被动语态,加“to" 5. 短语动词的被动语态要留意不行丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语.look at, laugh at, send for,call on , carry out, listen to,take care of ,make use of,depend on,pay attention to, hand in,put on, look up, give up等.6. be 过去分词可以是被动语态形式,也可以是系表结构形式.区分是,系表结构表示主语状态或特点,不带by 短语.而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作,可以带by 短语.The job was well done.（系表结构）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_The composition is written with great care;.（被动语态）7 原先主动语态中的宾语假如是从句,变为被动语态时,要用形式主语it. It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him.It is said that this book has been translated into several languages.8 有一些动词不能用被动语态. break out ,take place ,happen ,belong to ,cost , suit ,fit , have ,let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet（遇见）, join （参与）, fail 等9 宾语为反身代词时,不用被动语态,只用主动语态形式.The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.10 有些动词或情态动词常用所接的不定式来表示被动意义. 如： happen , pretend ,seem , used to, ought to, appear等.The house used to be painted white. The job has to be done before dark.On the way we happened to be caught in the rain.11 有些动名词在 want, need, require和介词 worth后形式为主动,意义为被动.12 有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意义.如：clean,sell,look, lock , open , write ,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_These books sell well.（好卖）The door doesn't lock.The door can't open.This pen writes very well.13 除助动词 be 可以构成被动语态外, get, become等词也可以过去分词构成被动意义.She was unhappy because she didn't get invited to the party.（ 1 ）主谓一样.主谓一样指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必需保持一样,句子的主语是第三人称单数,其谓语动词须用单数,主语是复数,就谓语动词用复数.1 主谓一样的三个原就.英语中的主谓一样主要遵循三个原就：意义一样原就、语法一样原就和就近原就. 这三个原就经常发生冲突,但当发生冲突时, 意义一样原就为优先考虑的原就.(1) 语法一样原就：主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一样,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也应实行单数形式.主语是复数形式,谓语动词也应实行复数形式.She is a girl她是女孩.They are all girls她们都是女孩.The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多高校作报告.（教授与作家是同一个人,是单数.）The old are very well taken care of in our city老年人在我们城市被照料得很好. the old 指全部的老年人,指一类人,为复数概念.）(2) 就近原就：谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语打算.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_笔和三支铅笔.There are two pens, a book and three pencils on the desk.书桌上有两支钢笔, 一本书和三支铅笔.Either my sisters or my mother is coming.不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来.(3) 意义一样原就：主语形式上是单数,但表达复数意义,那么谓语动词要用复数形式. 或主语形式上是复数,但表达单数意义,就谓语动词也采纳单数形式.The police are still running after the murderer.警察仍在追杀人犯.The news was very exciting.这就新闻令人兴奋.My family were watching TV at 7 o'clock.7 点钟的时候,我们全家人在看电视.My family has moved three times我们家搬过三次.2 主谓一样的应用.1 单一主语的情形.单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语,其主语与谓语的一样情形如下：不定代词作主语a. 不定代词either,neither,each,one,theother,another,someone, somebody,something,anyone ,anybody,anything,everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时,谓语动词常用单数、b. none作主语时假如指人或可数的物,表数目,谓语动词单复数形式皆可.假如指不行数名词,表量,谓语动词用单数.Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.吉米把全部的钱都用光了,一点没留.c. neither/eitherof 复数名词或复数形式的代词,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数.Neither of these words is correct.这些单词没有一个是正确的.d. the other two（）, the other three（） another two . , both等作主语时谓语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_经有五个人来帮忙了,但我们仍需要三个e. all 指人时作主语, 谓语动词用复数. 指全部事情时, 谓语动词常用单数All the work was finished.全部的活都干完了All is going well一切都很正常 .f. 在 each . and each, every .and every, no .and no,many a. . . and等many a由 and 连接并列单数主语的结构中,谓语动词用单数、Each boy and each girl has gota seat.每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位.Every man and everv woman is at work.每个男人和女人都在工作.No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.很长时间没有听到一点声音Every boy and every girl likes the film star.全部的男孩和女孩都 宠爱这个电影明星g. such山作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应依据其意义而定、Suchis StephenHawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much这就是史蒂芬 .霍金,遭受着巨大痛楚而作出巨大成就的人.Such as have plenty of money want more money.那些有足够钱的人仍想要更多的钱.集合名词作主语a有些集体名词,如people, cattle, police等形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动 词需用复数.People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.人们仍在谈论昨天发生的那场事故.b 集合名词, 如 audience （观众）,army, class, crew船员）,company（公司）,crowd（人群）, enemy,family,group,government政府 , public公众 , population人口,team 队员 等作主语时,如作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数.如着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时,谓语就该用复数.The population in China is very large and 80%可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_c. 有些以 -sh, -ese , -ch结尾的表示国家、 民族的形容词与 the 连用时表示复数含义, 谓语动词用复数如 theEnglish,theChinese , theFrench等TheEnglisharea polite people英国是一个礼仪之邦.以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语a以一 ics 结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时,谓语用单数.Politics is taught in our school.我们学校开设政治课.b 专出名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语,形式上即使是复数,谓语动词也要用单数,如the United Nations, the United States, the New York Times等.Lu Xun's works sells well.鲁迅的著作很畅销.c有些名词如. arnings, thanks, goods, leavings（残渣,剩余） , clothes, trousers,belongings（财产）,savings, scissor,等作主语, 其谓语动词只能用复数形式The family were saved but the belongings were lost.这一家人获救,但缺失了全部财产.d. means , sheep , leer, crossroad、等单复数同形的名词作主语,谓语动词依据其单复数而定Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.每一种方法都试过,但没有一个是有效的.含有修饰语的名词作主语a 一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词,如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主语,前面如无 a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等这类单位词,通常作复数用,谓 语动词作复数.如带有单位词,就由单位词的单复数打算谓语动词的单复数形式.My shoes are under the bed我的鞋在床下.His black trousers are too long他的那条黑裤子太长了.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_谓语动词往往用单数.This pair of shoes is made in Beijing这双鞋子是北京制造的.There is a pair of glasses on your bed你的床上有副眼镜.b. a number of'意为“很多”, 修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数：the number of 意为“的数目”,作主语时,谓语.只能用单数A number of the other plants were found in America.在美洲仍发觉了很多别的植物.ThenumberofpeoplewhotravelbyplaneinChinaislargerthanever before 在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了.c. 只修饰可数名词的量词several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manvof.）作主语,谓语动词应用复数形式.其修饰的名词作主语、谓语动词也应用复数形式Usually few regard their work as a pleasure.通常很少有人把工作当成消遣.d. some, plenty of', a lot of , lots of）等词既可修饰可数名词,又可修饰不行数名词, 谓语的形式应依据所修饰词而定、A lot of students are coming to the meeting.很多同学要来参与这次会议.A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.为了预备会议,仍有很多工作要做.留意 a quantity of , large quantities of）作主语或其修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词应依据 quantity 的单复数形式而定.Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.学校安装设备需要很多钱.A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.为孩子们买了大量的故事书：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used很多时间在玩耍中铺张掉了,但本应好好利用的f. "morethanone 十单数名词”尽管意义上是复数,但因中心词是单数形式,谓语也必须用单数以符合语法一样的原就在“more 复数名词than one谓”语结常构用之复后,数More than one person was injured in the accident.不止一人在这次事故中受伤More members than one are against the proposal.反对这项提议的会员不止一个g. "one or two +复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.昨天下午有一两个同学在植树 h 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词与 pass, go by , waste, use, spend 等词连用时,谓语动词用复数Five years have passed since I joined the Party我入党五年了i. one or two后接复数名词, 谓语要用复数但在“a十/a单n数名词or two”结构之后, 谓语却常用单数One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enoughfor this work. 干这活一两天就够了j. the rest（ of ,）the remaining, part （ of. ）, one half' of）等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语,谓语动词应依据主语所表达的单复数而定Partofhis story was not true他讲的故事有一部分不是真的.Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我们学校一部格外籍老师来自加拿大 .k当“几分之几（百分之几）+of 名词”结构作主语时,一般也应依据可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_oceans 这是由于的球表面积的2/3是由宽阔的海洋构成的Twothirdsofthesetaskshave been completed.这些任务已经完成了三分之.One and a half days is all I can spare.我只能抽出一天半的时间It is reported that in this area one in four people suffersfrom lung cancer.据报道在此的区有四分之一的人患肺癌（一般情形下,one in ten作主语和其修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式）2 ）非谓语形式、从句作主语单独的不定式、 动词的一 ing 形式作主语时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式：假如多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式. 假如表达不同概念,谓语动词用复数Persuading him to join us seems really hard.劝他加入我们似乎很难.To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.早睡早起是好习惯.To work and to live are twodifferentthingsbuttheyare alwaystogether.虽然工作和生活是两件不同的事 情,但是它们永久相伴. that , what , who , which , when , where , why , whatever,whoever,whichever, whenever,whereve：等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时,应依据概念上一样的原就打算谓语动词的数 "That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.杰克出国去了使我们都很诧异 Who is Abraham Lincoln ？林肯是谁？ Who are talking with each other ？谁在相互争论？ 3 以并列结构作主语的主谓一样 and 及 both. and.a. 一般来说,两个单数主语用and 连接起来,表示两个不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_writer has produced many works.这个诗人兼作家写出很多作品、b 并列主语由or, eith er. . or. . . , neither. nor. . . , not only but also连词常与邻近的主语保持人称、 数的一样Either the teacher or the students are to blame.或者是老师,或者是同学要受到批判 Not only the students but also their teacher doesn't know about it 不仅仅是同学,仍有他们的老师都对此一无所知 Neither you nor I am fit for the work.你和我都不适合干这个工作 Are neither you nor I fitfor the work. 你和我都不适合干这个工作吗？(4) 假性主语的主谓一样with,together with（连同）, along with（和 .一起）, as wellas （也）, like （诸如）, such as （诸如）, as much as, no less than（和 .一样）, rather than（而不是） ,including, besides, but,except, in addition以除之外）等短语后的主语称为假性主语,谓语动词仍旧依据原主语而定,不跟假性主语一样.The boy with his dog is here.这个男孩在这儿,仍有他的狗No one but your parents was there then.那时,除了你的父母没有别人在那里Tom , together with Mary and Alice,is going to swim this afternoon.汤姆今日下午要和玛丽及艾丽丝去游泳The teacher,including his students, is going to see Professor Smith.那位老师和他的同学们将去探望史密斯教授、(5) 由 there , here引导的主语不止一个时, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一样、There is a lake and some hills around it.它被一个湖和几座刁、山环围着、(6) 定语从句中的谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定,先行词是单数,定语从句中的谓语动可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_签名I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures.我将永久珍爱布满欢快的时间：The news that has been published in today's newspaper isn't true.今日报纸上发布的新闻不是真的.7 ）在倒装句中谓语应与后面的主语保持一样.On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso.墙上挂着一些毕加索的画.8 运算数词作主语时,谓语动词用单数.Three times five is fifteen. 3乘 5 等于 15Five minus four is one. 5减 4 等于1.Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7乘 4等于 .g9 ）表示数量的“one and a half复数名词”作主语谓时语,动词要用单数.One anda half bananas is left on the table.桌子上仍剩有一个半香蕉.One and a half hoursis enough一个半小时足够了.六、学问 * 才能聚焦1. off prep. adv 离开,分开（1 ）prep.The hall rolled off the table球从桌上滚落Keep off the grass勿践踏草的He entered a big house off the high street.他进入了一所离大街不远的大房子.The ship sank off Cape Horn.这艘轮船在合恩角外沉没了（ 2） adv.The town is still five miles off%amaN 那小镇尚在五英里之外We are still some way off.我们仍有一段距离 （如距目的的） 要走Please tell them that the meeting is olf请告知他们会议已经取消了.常用短语take sth. off sth.扣除, 减去fall off跌落knock sth. off sth把某物从另一物上 放掉wipe sth. off sth 把某物从另一物上擦掉alongthecoast沿着海岸offthecoast海岸外在海上on可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_on the Chanjiang River.武汉位于长江边2. face n. 脸 vt 转向,面对（1 ）n Judging from his worried face, we knew that he must have had some trouble.从他着急的脸色判定,我们知道他确定有麻烦了.（ 2 ）vt.-How does the house face？这房屋面朝哪边？-It faces to the east朝东.I was faced with new problem我面临着新的 M 题 常用短语in the face of 不顾（问题、困难等）loseone'sface 失面子,丢脸fightinthefaceof 公然抵抗face the music由于自己的打算或行为而接受批判或承担后果3. range n. &vt.（1 ）n 山脉,视觉（听觉）范畴（区域）,射程There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland.在边疆的带有连续不断的雄壮山脉.The tree is within range of' vision 这棵树在视野之内 2 vt. （在肯定范畴内）变化,排列 The prices of the dolls range from 5 to 100. 这些布娃娃的价格从 5 美元到 100 美元不等 The discussion ranged over various problems. 这次争论涉及了种种问题 4. design n. &v. 1 n. 图样,设计,图案.目的,意向 This is a design for the garden.这是那座花园的设计图 We don't know if it was done by accident or by design.我们不知道那是偶然的,仍是有意的. His evil designs were frustrated.他的罪责意图未能得逞2 v 设计,掌握 She is designing dresses for the singer.她在为这位歌手设计服装 He designed a plot for tits new novel.他为他的新小说拟定情节 This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together.这次周末聚会的用意是使两位音乐家见面 常用短语 by design 有意的, 蓄意的. have designs on/against可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_ 1 n.影响,支配,作用the influence of the moon on the tides月球对潮汐的作用These so-called friends of hers have a bad influence on her.她那些所谓的伴侣对她影响很坏Hehas a strangeinfluenceoverthegirl.他对这个女孩子有一种神奇的影响Her influence made me a better person.受她的影响,我变好了2 v.影响,感化The rice crops will be influenced by the weather.稻谷的收成将受到气候的影响It is clear that her paintings have been influenced by Picasso.她的画明显受到毕加索的影响What influenced you to behave like that.是什么支配你那样做的？6. refer vi. referred, referred, referring）涉及,提到 to .查资料.参与.针对.提交,交付He referred to pollution in his report last week.上周在报告中他提到了污染 问题、The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers.商店把投诉转交给制造商refer to意思是“提到, 谈到, 涉及,衣考, 查阅”refer to sb. /sth. as意为“称某人 / 某物为”, to 是介词,不行省略be referred to as） 是 refer to的被动式,意思是“把 .称作”When f was saying that I wasn't referring to you.我那样说的时候,指的并不是你、The huge clock in London is referred to as伦“敦B的ig Ben” .大钟被称为“大本钟”They referred to their friendly teacher as他们“把Mother"和善的老师称为“妈妈”7. compare vt. &vi比较,对比.比作He cannot compare with Shakespeare as awriter of tragedies.作为一个悲剧作家,他无法和莎士比亚相比compare. with意为“把 .与进行比较相比”compare. to.意为“把比作.”,含“比如”之可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_较Compare this with that, and you'll which is better.把这个同那个比较,你就知道 哪个更好了He began comparing himself pith the students.他开头把自己和同学比 较起来Young people are often compared to the rising still.年轻人常被比作初升的 大阳The writer of the poem compares his loser to a rose.诗的作者把他的爱人比作 玫瑰.留意 compare的过去分词作状语时,comparedto和 comparewith在应用上无区分, 常被用