英语专业四级考试语法复习资料.docx
英语专业四级考试语法复习资料一、考纲要求及语法知识常考点(一)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法.有关名词的格的考点:名词可分为主格、宾格和所用格。专业四级英语主要是考查名词所用格的掌握情况。所有 格可分为5所有格与介词of所有格,前者一般用于有生命的名词,如:the boy's ball,后者用于无 生命的名词,: the topic of the conversation (话题)。另外还有双重属格,其表现形式为AofBk, 其中B必须是指人的名词。如:a book of my wife's (我妻子的,本书),而不能说a fiinnel of the ship上.考点一:当名词表示地理、国家、城市、时间等词口寸,应该把它们当作有生命的名词对待, 即用's所有格。如:Europe's fiiture欧洲的未来Today、newspaper今天的报纸考点二:表示某物为两人或多人共有时,在最后一个人名后加,s,如果为词组内并列名词各自所 有时,那么要在各个名词后都加0例如:Mary and Lindaus book玛丽与琳达(共同拥有)的书Tom's and Peter's fathers汤姆的父亲与彼得的父亲考点三:人名,S所有格结构可以表示某人所在的店铺、家庭、学校与教堂等地点。I am going to the tailor's to get my dress.我要去裁缝店拿回我的衣服。I buy my meat at the Johnson's我常在约翰逊开的肉铺买肉。They took part in the birthday party at TonTs,他们参加了在汤姆家举行的生日宴 会。1 .有关名词数的考点:考点一:复合名词的复数:一般而言,我们把核心词变为复数形式即可,如:passers-by, mothers-in-law; assistant directors; girl friends,但当修饰词是 man, woman 时,复合词各组成局部生产了 5千辆自行车。考点一:过去完成时常考的固定句型:(1) hardly, scarcely, barely +过去完成时+ when + 一般过去时(一.,就.)。 例如:Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.(2) no sooner +过去完成时+ than +一般过去时(就)。例如:No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.考点二: 动词 expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire 等用过去 完成 时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如:I had hoped that 1 could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.9)将来完成时将来完成时表示将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作。I shall have finished this composition before 9 o'clock tonight.When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.考点一:常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by(thetime/theendof)+表示将来时间的短 语和句子;before (the end of) +表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将 来动 作的句子等。例如:By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready fbr the exams.考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,将来完成时那么由现在完成时表示。(考查重点)The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back fromschool.10)完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来 完成进行时。(1)现在完成进行时表示现在某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到现在 某一时.刻。I have been looking for my lost book fbr three days, but I still haven't found it.(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去 某一时刻。例It had been raining cats and dogs fbr over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.(倾盆大雨巳下了一个多星期,造成了许多地区塌方)(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续 到将来某一时 亥I o 例如:By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing fbr hours.2.动词的语态语态也是专业四级英语的一个考点。语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种 语态;主动语 态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表 示主语是动作的承受者。(1) We use electricity to run machines.(主动语态) Electricity is used to run machines.(被动语态)1)不能用于被动语态的动词和短语(1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如:appear, belong to, die, escape, fall, happen, last, succeed, occur, take place, consist of。Our success belongs to all the people present.我们的成功属于在座的每一个人。(2) 某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有 被动语态。2)被动语态的时态形式时间一般时现在am askedis askedare asked过去was be askedwere be asked将来 shall be askedwill be asked过去将来 should be askedwould be asked进行时完成时am being askedis being askedare being askedwas being askedwere being askedshall have been askedwill have been askedshould have been askedwould have been asked3)短语动词的被动语态短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。 例如:1) So far no correct conclusion has been arrived at.目前还 有得出正确的结论 2) All the rubbish should be got rid of.所有的垃圾应该把它 们清除掉。4) “get+ed分词”的被动语态“get + .ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性 的、出乎意料的 偶然事件。例如:The boy got hurt on his way home from work.这个男孩在下班回来的路上受 伤了。另外,“get + .ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是 被动的行为。例 如:get dressed (穿衣服)get divorced (离婚)get engaged (订 婚)get confiised (迷惑不解) get lost (迷路)get washed (洗脸)getmarried (结婚)5)双宾语动词改为被动语态(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被 保存下来。例如:(1) We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)我们向参观者展示 了我们的 新产品。(2) The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)(3) Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)6)被动语态与系表结构的区别(1) The novel was well written.(系表结构)这本小说写得好。(2) The novel was written by Dickens.(被动语态)这本小说是 Dickens 写 得。7)少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思(专业四级英语重要考点)例 1 : The book is selling remarkably well.这本书卖得很好例2: The song sounds very beautiful.这首歌听起来很优美。能这样用的动词还有read (读起来),clean (擦起来),wash (洗起来),write (写起 来)。例3: My watch needs cleaning.(二 My watch needs to be cleaned).能像need这样用的动词还有:want, require, deserve等。例 4: The meat is cooking.例 5 : The shop doesn't open (营业)on Sunday.试比拟:The door was opened by Tom.8)注意几个基本句型.(专业四级英语重要考点)It is said .(据说).,It is reported .(据报道),It is widely believed (人们 广泛认为);It is expected .(据期望,应该)It is estimated.(据估计),It was said., It was believed . It was thought.(以前人们认为)。It is said that Sydney is beautiful。据说悉尼很漂亮。It is estimated that nearly 20 persons were killed in this accident.据估计有 20 人 在此次事故中丧 生。(三)非谓语动词所谓非谓语动词,是指不能作谓语的动词,也不受主语人称和数的限制,但具有动词的某些特征。它不仅可以接宾语,而且还有时态和语态的变化。此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、 定语、状语和同位语。近年来的专业四级英语试题对非谓语动词的用法特别青睐,频频对其进行考查。不定式时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done动名词时态'语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done分词时态'语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done /否认形式:not+不定式,not +动名词,not+现在分词1.关于动词不定式的考点如下:考点:直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。这类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打 算、企图等。如:attempt企图,afford负担得起(重点词),demand要求,long渴望,destine 注定,mean意欲,打算,expect期望,appear似乎, 显determine 决 manage 设法, pretend 假装,agree 同意,desire 愿望,swear 宣誓,volunteer 志愿,wish 希望,endeavor 努力,offer提供,beg请求,fhil不能,plan计划,prefer喜欢,宁愿,happen碰巧,prepare 准备,decide决定,learn学习,regret抱歉,遗憾,hesitate犹豫,claim要求,promise承 诺,允许,undertake承当,consent同意,赞同,intend想要refuse拒绝,incline有.倾向, propose 提议I hope to visit this place again.我希望能再度访问此地。I hesitate to spend so much money on the clothes.我对要花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。My parents have consented to buy me a new electronic dictionary.我父母同意给我买个 新的电子词典了。*注意不定式的完成与进行时态及被动用法:He pretended to be waiting for someone.他假装着正等人。She was said to have been rich.据说她曾经富有过。The building was reported to have been constructed.据报道这座大楼已经建造好了。考点二:在以下情况下常使用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式:1) 感官动词后面:feel, listen, hear, see, watch, observeI saw a man enter the shop.试比拟:I saw him singing when I passed by.2)个别表示使役意义的动词,如:have, let, makeThe teacher has/makes/lets us write a composition every week.上述感觉动词或使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带L ,如:The boy was made to go to bed early.3) 一些情态动词:had better, would rather do A than do B (宁可而不 愿),may as well (最好),cannot (help) but (不得不)等句型,后接省to不定 式。He cannot (help) but agree with his daughter.他不得不同意他女儿。We might as well put up here for tonight.我们最好还是在这里过夜。4)主语从句及介词but, except, besides+t。do (do),如从句里或介词前有动词do,后面 应 接不带to的不定式;如无do,那么接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。如:The enemy soldiers had no choice but to suirender.敌军没有选择只好投降。On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.What I have to do is take a rest.考点三:有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语,如:consider, discuss, explain , know, show, teach, understand, wonder, ask, find out 等。I asked him whether to leave or to stay.我问他要离开还是呆在这。(此句中的whether不 可用if替换)Please tell me how to answer the question.考点四:不定式的逻辑主语为:for +名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。例如:I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我发现他一个人干这活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用。f引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:It was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。2 .关于动名词的考点如下:考点:直接接动名词做宾语的动词。acknowledge 成认,cease 停止,mention 说到,admit 成认,tolerate 忍受,dislike 不喜 欢,advocate 提倡,complete 完成,appreciate 感激,confess 坦白,endure 忍受,avoid 防止,enjoy喜爱,bear忍受,envy嫉妒,delay延迟,escape逃跑,can't stand受不了, deny 否认,excuse 借口,consider 考虑,fancy 幻想,favor 偏爱,mind 介意,miss 错过, resent 怨恨,finish 完成,pardon 原谅,resist 抵抗,fbrgive 原谅,permit 允许,imagine 设想,postpone 延迟,risk 冒险,practise 实践,suggest 建议,hate 讨厌,prevent 阻止,quit放弃,recall回想I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我彳艮!感 激两年前给我出国学习的机会。Forbid smoking,禁止吸烟。He dislikes being interrupted in his speech.他不喜欢讲话的时候被打岔。We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书 的答复。The boy admitted stealing the book,这个男孩成认偷 了 这本书。考点二:在以下it作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中,用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。It is no use (no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time 等名词)+ doing sth.It is good ( nice, interesting, useless 等形容词)+ doing sth.;There is no point ( use, sense, good 等名词)+ doing sth.It's no use crying over spilt milk,后悔没有用。It is good playing chess after supper. I 晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。There is no point in my going out to date someone.现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。There is no use crying over spilt milk.牛奶洒 了,哭也无用。考点三:在need,require, want, worth (形容词)等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思,即用 主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式,必须用不定式的被动形式。Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。This problem requires studying with great care.这个问题需要仔细研究。The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。考点四:以下短语中t。为介词,后面只能接动名词或名词。(注意:专业四级英语考 试对 to的考点主要是介词,而非不定式原形)look forward to (渴望),take to (渐渐喜欢),get down to (着手干),be opposed to (反对),live up to, be devoted to (致力于)Nurses are devoted to caring the sick,护士致力于病人的护理事业。We are looking forward to seeing you again 我盼着再见到你。get down to one's work静下心来工作考点五:以下动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词,但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情 尚未发生;而动名词那么表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有:1) forget to do忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(此事己做过或已发生)2) stop to do停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事stop doing停止正在或经常做的事3) remember to do记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5) try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种方法6) mean to do打算,有意要mean doing意味着7) go on to do继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing继续(原先没有做完的事情)8) propose to do打算(要做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)都要变为复数,例如:menservants, womenservants考点二:复数形式的名词用于单数概念,其谓语动词用单数。这些名词一般为表 示学科、疾病 及一些专有名词,$11: economics经济学,measles麻疹,physics物 理学,mathematics数 学,dynamics 动力学,news 新闻,The United States 美国 The New York Times 纽约时报。例: Acoustics is the science of sound waves and their production, transmission, reception and control.声学是研究声涉及其产生、传播、接受和控制的科学。但当这些词表示具体概念时谓语 动词常常用复数,如acoustics表示“音响效果、设备”意义。此外,还有athletics (运动学, 竞技;各竞技工程).dramatics (戏 剧表演艺术;剧本),politics (政治学;策略,阴 谋),statistics (统计学;统计 数字,资料)等。考点三:有些工具或衣服是由相同的两个局部组成,英语中表示这些物体的名词一般用复数, 例如:trousers, jeans, glasses, pants, scissors, compasses等,如果这 类名词与表示单位的名词连 用,其单复数就要根据单位词的单复数确定,例如:A pair of scissors costs quite a lot these days. 如今一把剪刀要花不少钱。There are three pairs of trousers in the case。箱子里有三条裤了。3.有关代词格的考点:人称代词的主宾格与顺序考点一:人称代词的主格与宾格:I/me, we/us, you/you, he/him, she/her, it/it, they/them,主格 一般做 主语,也可做主语补足语和主语的同位语,还可用于强调结构。宾格主要做宾语,也可做宾语 补足语和用于强调结构,如:Jason, who was afraid that he might lose his job as an employee in the company, has just had an interview with his employer and asked him for help.考点二:人称代词的顺序:在连续使用两个或 两个以上人称代词时,通常排列为第二人称、第三人称、第一人称。在成认错误或自我批评 时,往往把第一人称放在第三人称前、第二人称后。You and I are to finish the task together, therefore we should cooperate with each other welLI and Betty made the mistake. Please don't blame it on the other people.4-有关名词、代词做主语数的考点(主谓一致)Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?You must remember to leave tomoirow.你可要记着是明天动身。I don*t regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to tell you that you failed the test.我很遗憾要告诉你,你这次测试没有通过。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。Lefs try doing the work some other way.让我们试-试用另外种方法来做这工作。I didn't mean to hurt yoiir feeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.跳槽意味着要损失利益。3 .关于分词的考点如下:考点一:分词作定语1)现在分词作定语,其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词或代词,表示一个主动或与谓语动词同时 发生的动作,相当于一个主动的定语从句。2)过去分词作定语,其逻辑主语也是所修饰的名词或代词,表示一个被动或完成(发生在 谓语动词前)的动作,相当于一个被动的定语从句。He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了 正在燃烧着的房子。(试比拟:He rushed into the house which was burning.)The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom,朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired?你拿至ij那块修好的表了 吗?(试比拟:Have you got your watch which had been repaired?)Prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.通过 计算*L采购的日常品价格比商店的价格要低。考点二:分词作状语分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时 间、原因、条件、让步和方式时,通常可转换为相应的状语从句。Having finished their homework, they went to the library. ( = After they had finishedtheir homework.)完成作业后,他们去了图书馆。(表时间)Heated, ice will be changed into water. (=When ice is heated.)冰一旦加热,它就会变成水。(表条件、时间)Influenced by his ideas, she joined the revolution too. ( =because she was influencedby his ideas,.)由于受他思想的影响,她也参加了革命。(表原因)Knowing all this, they made me pay fbr the damage. ( =Although they know all this.)他们尽 管了解这一切,还是要我赔偿损失。(表让步)United, we stand; divided, we fall. ( = if we are united, we stand. If we are divided, wefall)团结那么存,分裂那么亡。(表条件)注意:1)分词作状语与主语的关系。分词作状语时重点应判断出分词的逻辑主语以及逻辑 主语 与分词之间的逻辑关系,假设二者之间为被动关系,即逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者,那么用过去分 词;假设二者是主动关系,即逻辑主语是分词动词的执行者,那么用现在分词。She went out» shutting the door behind him.她出去后将门随手关上。Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.建于1636年,哈佛大学是美国最著名的大学之一。Admitting your mistake, you can be pardoned.只要你成认错误,你就会被宽恕。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法 克服。2) When, while,once, if; unless''hough等连词可以百接引导分词做状语。(注:as没 有此用法)Be careful when crossing the street.过街时要小心。While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her.一早在街上散步时,他看到了她。If falling ill. Til see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.虽然他知道实情,却保持沉默。Unless (being) rich, I am not going abroad.除非有钱,要不然我是不会出国的。3)分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语致,否那么分词必须有自己 的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构,或独立主格。例如:Time permitting, you can pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou.如果时间 允许 的话,你们可以参观一下杭州的一些名胜古迹。Weather permitting, well be holding a football match tomorrow.明天如果天气允许的 话,我们将举行一场足球赛。He sat there silently, his head bending.他坐在那里一言不发,低着头。(独立主格结构)The problem having been solved, the engineer returned to his own factory,问题解 决,工程师回到了工厂。(独立主格结构)All the money having been wasted, we started looking for work.所有的钱都花光了,我 们开始找活干。(独立主格结构)有时也可用“With (或Without) 4名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构,表示伴随情况。He fell asleep with the candle burning.他蜡烛未熄就睡着了。(表示伴随)With Tom gone, I can work better.汤姆走了,我能更好地工作。(表示条件)(四)虚拟语气的构成及其用法语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度。尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicativemood).祈使语 气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood) .但是专业四级英语考试中考的最多 的 是虚拟语气。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:a.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某 种 与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人主观愿望。b.与客观事实相反的情景,即强制性虚拟语 气,表示建议、命令、劝告,或表示强烈的耍求做到、必须做到这样的含义。虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而且一 般有明显的标志。具体考点如下:考点: if从句句型(共有三种句型)1 .与现在的事实相反:从句用一般过去时,主句的谓语用would (could, might, should) +动词原形If they were here, they would help you.如果他们在这里,会帮助你的。2 .与过去的事实相反:从句用过去完成时,主句的谓语用would (could, might, should) +have+过去分词If she had left home yesterday she should have arrived here.如果她昨天就离开家,她早 就该到这儿了。3 .与将来的事实相反:从句用should (were to, did) +动词原形,主句的谓语用would (could, might) +动词原 形If I were to (should) teach you, I would teach in English.如果让我教你们,我就用英文授 课。4 .在书面语中,以上含有were, had, should, could的从句可以把这些词放在主语前面进 行 倒装,并把if省略。Had he worked harder, (if he had worked harder,)he would have got through the exam.他 如果工作努力的话,早就应该通过这个考试了。5 .条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致时,也叫错综时间虚拟条件句。例如:条件句 动作发生在过去,主句