第05讲-冠词和名词 2022年初高中英语无缝衔接讲义20讲+精练(解析版)公开课.docx
第05讲冠词和名词 冠词 冠词是虚词,放在名词之前,用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。a(an)叫不定冠词,the叫定冠词。a用在辅音(发音)之前,an用在元音(发 音)之前。不定冠词的用法(1)不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指,泛指某一人或某一物。如:The Chinese Dream is a dream to improve people's well-being and a dream of harmony, peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,是一个和谐、和平和开展的梦。(2)表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。如:When the Ashleys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick. 当Ashleys 一家试图让她回来时,Mumbet咨询了一个叫西奥多,塞奇威克的律师。(3)用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间;用在人名前还可表示与某人 有类似性质的人。如:一Excuse me, is there a Mr Tailor living in the neighborhood? There is a parcel for him.一Sorry, but there is no such person here.劳驾,这个居民点住着一位名叫Tailor的先生吗?这里有他的包裹。对不起,这儿没有这么一个人。(4)不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一,如:She didn't like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.她不喜欢这两个包的颜色,又要了一个。(5)表示单位时间内的频度,含有“每”的概念。The medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这药每天吃三次。(6)具有动作意义的名词在与have, take, make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时,前 面要加不定冠词。如:take a look 看一看;have a try 试一试。You had better go to the factory and have a look.你最好到厂里去看一看。(7)不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如:a waste of 浪费;all of a sudden 突然地;as a rule 通常。It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.我突然想起我把她的生日给忘了。定冠词用法果。考查冠词。a/an 一个,不定冠词,表泛指;根据句意理解可知,这里空格修饰的是名词result, 是一个可数名词,所以这里应该用不定冠词,而空格后面的unexpected是元音音标开头的 单词,所以这里应该用不定冠词an,应选B。20. George Washington was honest boy that all the neighbors all trusted him.A. so anB. such anC. such a【答案】B【解析】句意:乔治华盛顿是一个如此老实的孩子以至于所有的邻居都信任他。考查such的用法。such+a/an+形容词+名词,又因honest发音是以元音音素开头的单词,故 用不定冠词an,综合分析,应选B。冠词拔高版单项选择1. Li Hua has good knowledge of many foreign languages, and one of them is Englishwhich is language spoken by many people in the world.A. the; aB. a; theC. a; aD. the; the【答案】C【解析】考查冠词。句意:李华精通许多外语,其中之一是英语,这是世界上许多人说的一 种语言。"have a good knowledge of,是固定短语,意为“精通”,因此第一空是a;结合句意“这 是世界上许多人说的一种语言”是泛指,故应用不定冠词修饰language。应选C。2. Ryan really had made difference to these children. He broke intojoyful smile.A. the; theB. the; aC. a; theD. a; a【答案】D【解析】考查不定冠词。句意:Ryan真的给这些孩子们带来了改变。他愉快地笑了起来。 make a difference有影响,起重要作用,固定短语;smile笑容,此处用作可数名词,表示泛 指,第二空用不定冠词a。应选D项。3. Internet helps friendships.A. AnB. AC. /D. The【答案】D【解析】考查冠词。句意:互联网有助于友谊。Internet是独一无二的东西,因此前面用定 冠词the,位于句首,首字母大写,应选D。4. I couldn't remember exact date of the Picasso exhibition, but I knew it wasSaturday.A. the; aB. the; theC. an; aD. an;/【答案】A【解析】考查冠词。句意:我不记得毕加索画展确实切日期了,但我知道那天是星期六。分 析句子且根据句意可知,第一空是特指“毕加索画展确实切日期”,故填定冠词the;第二空 是泛指“某一个星期六”,故填不定冠词a。应选A项。5. There is wide range of activities for children in our club.A. anB. theC. /D. a【答案】D【解析】考查冠词。句意:我们的俱乐部为儿童提供各种活动。根据句意及句子结构可知, 此处考查短语a wide range of,表示“各种各样的“,故填a,应选D。6. It took us quite a long time to get there. It was journey.A. three-hourB. a three hour C. three hours D. a three-hour【答案】D【解析】考查形容词。句意:我们花了很长时间才到那里,三个小时的路程。three-hour“三 个小时的”为形容性复合词,在句中作定语,修饰名词journey。注意:1.有连字符号;2. hour 用单数形式。journey (路程)在句中为单数可数名词,需要不定冠词。应选D。7. Han Dynasty was founded with Chang'an its capital.A. The; asB. /; beingC. The; likeD. /; to be【答案】A【解析】考查冠词及介词。句意:汉朝建立,定都长安。第一个空考查冠词的用法,在朝代 名词前需用定冠词the,故第一空选the,排除B、D选项;“as”作介词时有“作为”之意;力ike” 作介词表“像”,根据句意应当是以长安作为都城,应选A项。8. Steve lives in European country, and he teaches in university there.A. an; aB. an; theC. a; aD. a; an【答案】C【解析】考查冠词。句意:Steve住在一个欧洲国家,他在那里的一所大学教书。冠词a后 面加辅音开头的单词,European和university都是辅音开头的单词,应选C项。9. let's go to cinema , which will take your mind off the problem for while.A. the ,theB. the, aC. a, theD. a, a【答案】B【解析】考查冠词。句意:我们去看电影吧!这会让你的注意力远离这个问题一段时间。第 一空为固定词组go to the cinema“去看电影”;第二空也是固定词组for a while“一会儿”。故 选BoWhen you finish reading the book, you will have _ better understanding of _ life.A. a, theB. the, aC. /, theD. a, /【答案】D【解析】考查冠词。句意:当你读完这本书的时候,你会对生活有更深的理解。此题第一空 是固定词组have a better understanding of有更好的理解;第二空的名词life是一个抽象名词, 要单独使用,不需要冠词。应选D。10. experiment took us five months and turned out great disappointment.A. The ;/B. /; aC. The; aD. The; the【答案】C【解析】考查冠词。句意:这个实验花了我们五个月的时间,结果却是很大的失望。第一空 是特指我们进行了五个月的实验,故用定冠词the;第二空是抽象名词具体化,用不定冠词 a表示“一件失望的事”,应选C。11. 一Have you heard of death of Steven Jobs?一 Yes. It must be shock to Apple fans.A. the; theB. a; theC. the; aD. a; /【答案】C【解析】考查冠词。句意:你听说乔布斯的死讯了吗? 听说了,这肯定震惊了苹果 的粉丝们。第一空特指乔布斯的死,用定冠词the;第二空a shock是指一件令人惊讶的事情。 应选C。12. 一Imagine you are outside when earthquake comes. What should you do?Go to open space away from buildings or trees.A. the; theB. the; anC. an; theD. an; an【答案】D【解析】考查冠词。句意:想象一下,当地震来临的时候,你在外面,你会做什么? 到一块远离大楼和树木的空地上。第一空泛指地震这一类事物,用an earthquake来表示; 第二空用an泛指“一块空地、也应用不定冠词。应选D项。13. I wonder what it feels like to be one of really rich. The Jenkinsons already have twoRolls Royces and now they are buying third!A. the, aB. the, theC. /, aD. /, the【答案】A【解析】考查冠词。句意:我想知道当一个真正的富人是什么感觉。詹金森夫妇已经有了两 辆劳斯莱斯,现在他们正在购买第三辆!第一空,the +形容词指一类人;第二空,a+序数词 表示“在前面数字的基础上再出现一个"。应选A。14. The Spring Festival is time when Chinese people get together to eat, drink and havefun with each other.A. a; /B. a; theC. the; aD. the; /【答案】A【解析】考查冠词辨析。句意:春节是一个中国人都聚在一起吃喝,玩乐的时间。该句中“time” 意为“时光,时刻”,是可数名词,所以此处要用不定冠词a;第二处“have fun”(玩的愉快) 是固定短语,不用加冠词。应选A项。15. It was thought to be adventure for him to walk across Sahara Desert alone.A. an; theB. the, /C. /; theD. an; a【答案】A【解析】考查冠词。句意:对他来说,单独穿越撒哈拉沙漠被认为是一种冒险。第一个空 adventure是可数名词,且以元音音素开头,所以用an表泛指。第二空Sahara Desert是专 有名词,所以要用定冠词the。应选A项。16. part he played in the movie directed by the famous director moved the audiences to tears.A. A; theB. The;不填 C. A;不填D. The; the【答案】B【解析】考查冠词。句意:他参演的由著名导演导演的那部电影,让观众感动得流下了眼泪。 第一个空格因为part有he played修饰,可以判断是特指the。而后一个空格的tears是观众 们的,泛指复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,不用定冠词,moveto tears“感动的流泪:故 选B项。17. 一What do you think of the grammar book?一Oh, it is really useful reference book, which is worth reading second time.A. a, aB. an, theC. an, aD. the, the【答案】A【解析】考查冠词。句意:你觉得这本语法书怎么样?哦,这真是一本有用的参考 书,值得再读一遍。第一空用不定冠词表示泛指,指的是“一本有用的参考书“,useful不是 以元音因素开头,不用an ,要用a;不定冠词a与序数词连用表示“再,又”,不表示次序, a second time表示“再次”,故第二个空用a,应选A。18. As matter of fact, basic gardening is so easy to achieve that even people with physicalhandicaps can garden.A. anB. theC. /D. a【答案】D【解析】考查冠词。句意:事实上,基本的园艺如此容易学会,以至于身体有残疾的人也可 以从事园艺。A. an不定冠词“一个”后面加元音音素开头的单词;B.the定冠词表示特指这 个";C. /零冠词;D. a不定冠词"一个"固定短语“事实上”是as a matter of fact。应选D。19. College students should be encouraged to use Internet as resource whenplanning a term paper.A. the; aB. /; theC. the; theD. a; a【答案】A【解析】考查冠词的用法。句意:当规划学期论文的时候,大学生应该被鼓励把网络作为一 种资源来利用。Internet是专有名词,所以前面要用定冠词the; resource“资源”是可数名词, 此处指把网络当作一种资源,应用不定冠词修饰,且resource的发音是辅音音素开头,应用 ao应选A项。名词基础版用所给单词的正确形式填空1. We Chinese all have an(agree) to develop science and technology.【答案】agreement【解析】句意:我们中国人为了开展科学和科技全部达成一致。“an”后加名词单数,所以要 把动词agree变成名词,在"agree”后力故填agreement。2. They haven't made a(decide) where to spend their summer vacation.【答案】decision【解析】句意“他们还未决定去哪里过暑假: 根据空前a可知,用名词,且根据make a decision"做决定”可知,故填decision oWe assure you of our best(serve) to you.【答案】service【解析】句意:我们保证向你提供最好的服务。形容词性物主代词+名词,根据“our best”可知此处缺名词,结合所给单词,故答案为serviceoThe guide book is for that important(visit).【答案】visitor【解析】句意:这本导游手册是为那位重要的来访者准备的。visit动词,翻译为“拜访,参 观”。分析句子可知,此处用于句中作宾语,又因为其前有表单数的that修饰,所以此处用 其名词原形即可。故填visitor。3. Yuan Longping is one of the greatest (science) in China.【答案】scientists【解析】句意:袁隆平是中国最伟大的科学家之一。one of the+形容词的最高级+复数名词,表示“最的之一”,故填scientists。4. That couple of French(music) work attracts us deeply.【答案】musicians9【解析】句意:那对法国音乐家的作品深深吸引了我们。work作品,名词需用形容词或所有格修饰;根据句意结构和所给单词提示,可知是“音乐家 的”作品,couple (一对)表复数意义,故填musicians'。5. We can win the heated if we present the facts clearly, (argue)【答案】argument【解析】句意:如果我们能清楚地呈现事实,我们就能赢得激烈的争论。空处的词在形容词“heated激烈的”之后,应是名词;argue是动词,争论,对应的名词是 argument,争论,故答案为 argument。6. . These Chinese(invent) names are difficult to remember, but their contributions are really great.【答案】inventors9【解析】句意:这些中国创造家的名字很难记住,但他们的贡献确实是巨大的。names名字,名词需用形容词或所有格修饰;these这些,修饰复数名词;根据句意结构和 所给单词提示,可知需用inventor的复数形式;以s结尾的名词所有格直接在后面加故 填 inventors'。7. To tell you the, the tour of the Movie Park was the highlight of our visit.(true)【答案】truth【解析】句意:说实话,参观电影公园是我们这次访问中最精彩的局部。true真实的,真的,是一个形容词。空前是定冠词the,应修饰名词,故将true变为名词truth, 意为“真理,真相to tell you the truth是一个固定短语,意为“说实话工 故答案为truth。8. Boys, don't play with these(knife). They are dangerous.【答案】knives【解析】句意:男孩子们,别玩刀。它们是很危险的。空格在these后面,判断填复数名词;knife小刀,名词,以f/fe为结尾,其复数形式改f/fe 为v,再加es;故答案为knives。9. Suddenly, a lot of(leaf) were blown into the house.【答案】leaves【解析】句意:突然,许多树叶被吹进了房子。考查名词的单复数。根据a lot of可知后用可数名词复数。leaf的复数形式是leaves。故填leaves。名词拔高版用单词的适当形式完成句子1. She has always been encouraged to swim to build up the(strong) of her muscles.【答案】strength【解析】考查名词。句意:她总是被鼓励去游泳以增强肌肉的力量。根据前文定冠词the可 知,此处应用strong的名词strength (不可数名词)作宾语。故填strength。2. We should encourage our students to have(confident) in themselves.【答案】confidence【解析】考查名词。句意:我们应该鼓励我们的学生对自己有信心。根据句子结构和意思可 知,这里考查名词confidence做宾语,表示“信心”的意思,是不可数名词。故填conscience。3. In(term)of money, the man was very rich, but he was not happy at all.【答案】terms【解析】考查固定搭配。句意:就钱而言,这个男人很富有,但是他一点都不快乐。根据句 子结构和意思可知,这里考查固定搭配in terms of表示“就而言”的意思。故填terms。4. The(disappear) of dinosaurs is caused by many factors.【答案】disappearance【解析】考查名词。句意:恐龙的消失是由许多因素引起的。根据前文定冠词The以及后 文is可知,此处应用名词disappearance作主语,表示“绝迹、消亡”,为不可数名词。故填 disappearance oWhen the old man was hit by the car, all(passer-by) just stood by but only Jack came to rescue.【答案】passers-by【解析】考查名词的数。句意:当这个老人被车撞时,所有的路人都袖手旁观,只有Jack 过来救援。由all判断此处用名词复数形式,故填passers-by。5. The students were praised fbr their good(behave) in class.【答案】behaviors【解析】考查名词。句意:学生们因为他们在课堂上好的表现而被表扬了。根据空格前面的 介词“for”,形容词性物主代词"thei/和形容词“good”可知,空格处要填名词,作介词“for”的 宾语,同时被"their good”修饰。根据所给提示词“behave”可知,它的名词形式是behavior。 根据句子意思可知,这里孩子们的课堂表现应该是泛指,所以用名词复数形式表示泛指。故 填 behaviors oToday restaurants in Guangzhou stimulate(customer)appetite with over 1,000 offerings, each more delicious than the last.【答案】customers9【解析】考查名词所有格。句意:如今,广州的餐馆用1000多种美食刺激顾客的食欲,一 种比一种更美味。分析句子可知,设空处应填名词所有格作定语,customer的所有格为customers9 o 故填 customers'。6. We look forward to your(settle) at an early date.【答案】settlement【解析考查名词。句意:我方期待着贵方早日解决这一问题。lookforwrdto+名词/动名词, 意为“期待”,设空前有形容词性物主代词your,设空处应填名词,故填settlement。7. There was a general(expect) that he would win.【答案】expectation【解析】考查名词。句意:大家普遍认为他会赢。分析句子可知,设空前有,general”,设 空处应填可数名词单数。故填expectation。8. What do you think of the collection of(paint) by American artists ?【答案】paintings【解析】考查名词。句意:你觉得美国艺术家的绘画收藏怎么样?根据句意和前文the collection of可知,此处应用paint的名词painting的复数形式作介词宾语。故填paintingso(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The book on the desk is an English dictionary.Beijing is the capital of China.(2)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。如:Open the door, please.Jack is in the library.(3)上文提到过的人或事物。如:Yesterday John's father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。如:Shanghai is the biggest city in China.January is the first month of the year.(6)用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物。如:The nurse is kind to the sick.We should take good care of the old.(7)用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。如:the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air 等。(8)用在姓氏复数之前,表示“某某一家人”,“某某夫妇如:the Browns, the whites 等。不用冠词的情况(1)某些专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如:China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love 等。(2)名词前已有作定语用的 this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every 等代词时,不用冠词。如:That is my cap.I have some questions.Go down this street.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词。如:They are workers.We are students.(4)称呼语前不用冠词,表不头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。如:I don't feel well today, Mother.Bush was made president of the U.S.(5)三餐饭的名称前,球类活动,学科和节目名词前,常不用冠词。如:I have lunch at home.He often plays football after class.We have English and maths every day.(6)在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。例如:By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。名词名词的数单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-力构成,其主要变 法如下:(1 ) 一 般情况在词尾加-s ,例如:book>books, girl>girls, boy>boys, pen>pens, doctor一doctors, boy一boys。(2)以 s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:busbuses, class-classes, box-boxes, watch一watches, brush一brushes。(3)以 ce, se, ze, (d) ge 结尾的名词加-s,例如:orange-orangeso(4)以辅音母加 y 结尾的词变为"i" 再加-es,如:city-cities, factoryfactories, country-countries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只 力口-s, 如:boy一boys, day-days。(5)以 o 结尾的词多数都加-es,如:hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes,但 词末为两个元音字母的词只加l-s,如:zoo一zoos, radio-radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s, 如:photo一photos, piano>pianos。(6)以 f 或 fb 结尾的词,多数变 f 为 v 再加-es,如:knifb-knives, leaf-leaves, half-halves。(7)少数名词有不规那么的复数形式,如:man-men, woman>women, tooth>teeth, footfeet, child>children, mouse>miceo【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。如:an Englishman, two Englishmen;(注意:German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germanso )I Iman, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers, women teachers o有个别名词单复数一样,如:Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish 等。(注意:但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。)(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保存单数形式,中间加连字符。例如an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。(10)有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, goods, ashes, scissors, compasses。(ID只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称:bowls专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词:news, falls复数词尾s (或es)的读音方法如下表所示:情况读法例词在等清辅音后Scups, hats, cakes在sz皿知国等音后izglasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces在血dgv等浊辅音后beds, dogs, cities, knives不可数名词"量”的表示方法在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”,可以用以下两种方法:(1)用 much, a little, a lot of? lots of, some, any 等表示多少,如:The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I don't like winter because there5s too much snow and ice.(2)用a piece of这类定语,如:a piece of paper, a piece of wood, a piece of breada bottle of orange; a glass of water(milk); a cup of tea; a bag of rice; three bags of rice。如果耍表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,如:two cups of tea;four pieces of paper;three glasses of water.名词的所有格名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。1 .表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加I,其复数形式是C,如:a student's room;students* rooms;fathers shoes o.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加1,如:Children's Day。2 .表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格耍用I,如:a twenty minutes1 walk;ten miles* journey;a boat's length;two pounds* weight;ten dollars* worth o.无生命名词的所有格那么必须用of结构,如:a map of China;the end of this term;the capital of our country;the color of the flowers o3 .双重所有格,如:a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列的情况:分别有's,那么表示“分别有”,例如:Johnfs and Mar/s rooms (约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes (两人各自的自行车)。只有一个's,那么表示“共有”,例如:John and Mary!s room (约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother (Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹)。?检测训练冠词基础版一、单项选择I would like to be teacher when I grow up.A. aB. anC. theD. /【答案】A【解析】句意:当我长大后我想成为一名老师。考查冠词的用法。”成为一名老师”应用表泛指的不定冠词a或者an来表示。teacher是以辅 音音素开头的单词,故应选不定冠词a。应选A。1. What are you searching fbr on the Internet?一I'm trying to buy MP3 player at low price.A. a; aB. an; theC. an; aD. the; the【答案】C【解析】句意:你在网上搜寻什么? 我在尽力低价买一个MP3。考查冠词用法。根据句意可知,第一空表示泛指,应用a