第05讲-冠词和名词 2022年初高中英语无缝衔接讲义20讲+精练（原卷版）公开课.docx

第05讲冠词和名词 冠词 冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。a(an)叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。a用在辅音(发音)之前，an用在元音(发 音)之前。 不定冠词的用法(1)不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。如：The Chinese Dream is a dream to improve people's well-being and a dream of harmony, peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平和开展的梦。(2)表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。如：When the Ashleys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick. 当Ashleys 一家试图让她回来时，Mumbet咨询了一个叫西奥多,塞奇威克的律师。(3)用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间；用在人名前还可表示与某人 有类似性质的人。如：一Excuse me, is there a Mr Tailor living in the neighborhood? There is a parcel for him.一Sorry, but there is no such person here.劳驾，这个居民点住着一位名叫Tailor的先生吗？这里有他的包裹。对不起，这儿没有这么一个人。(4)不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一，如：She didn't like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。(5)表示单位时间内的频度，含有“每”的概念。The medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这药每天吃三次。(6)具有动作意义的名词在与have, take, make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，前 面要加不定冠词。如：take a look 看一看；have a try 试一试。You had better go to the factory and have a look.你最好到厂里去看一看。(7)不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如：a waste of 浪费；all of a sudden 突然地；as a rule 通常。It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.我突然想起我把她的生日给忘了。 定冠词用法（1）特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如:The book on the desk is an English dictionary.Beijing is the capital of China.(2)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。如：Open the door, please.Jack is in the library.(3)上文提到过的人或事物。如：Yesterday John's father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China.January is the first month of the year.(6)用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。如：The nurse is kind to the sick.We should take good care of the old.(7)用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。如：the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air 等。(8)用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇如：the Browns, the whites 等。 不用冠词的情况(1)某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如：China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love 等。(2)名词前已有作定语用的 this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every 等代词时，不用冠词。如：That is my cap.I have some questions.Go down this street.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。如：They are workers.We are students.(4)称呼语前不用冠词，表不头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。如：I don't feel well today, Mother.Bush was made president of the U.S.(5)三餐饭的名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用冠词。如：I have lunch at home.He often plays football after class.We have English and maths every day.(6)在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词。例如：By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。名词 名词的数单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-力构成，其主要变 法如下：(1 ) 一 般情况在词尾加-s ,例如：book>books, girl>girls, boy>boys, pen>pens, doctor一doctors, boy一boys。(2)以 s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词加-es,例如：busbuses, class-classes, box-boxes, watch一watches, brush一brushes。(3)以 ce, se, ze, (d) ge 结尾的名词加-s,例如：orange-orangeso(4)以辅音母加 y 结尾的词变为"i" 再加-es,如：city-cities, factoryfactories, country-countries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只 力口-s, 如：boy一boys, day-days。(5)以 o 结尾的词多数都加-es,如：hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes,但 词末为两个元音字母的词只加l-s,如：zoo一zoos, radio-radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s, 如：photo一photos, piano>pianos。(6)以 f 或 fb 结尾的词,多数变 f 为 v 再加-es,如：knifb-knives, leaf-leaves, half-halves。(7)少数名词有不规那么的复数形式，如：man-men, woman>women, tooth>teeth, footfeet, child>children, mouse>miceo【注意】口与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。如：an Englishman, two Englishmen；(注意：German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germanso )I Iman, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers, women teachers o 有个别名词单复数一样，如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish 等。(注意：但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。)(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。(9)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保存单数形式，中间加连字符。例如an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。(10)有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, goods, ashes, scissors， compasses。(ID只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词：news, falls复数词尾s (或es)的读音方法如下表所示:情况读法例词在等清辅音后Scups, hats, cakes在sz皿知国等音后izglasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces在血dgv等浊辅音后beds, dogs, cities, knives不可数名词"量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”，可以用以下两种方法：(1)用 much, a little, a lot of? lots of, some, any 等表示多少,如:The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I don't like winter because there5s too much snow and ice.(2)用a piece of这类定语，如：a piece of paper, a piece of wood, a piece of breada bottle of orange; a glass of water(milk); a cup of tea; a bag of rice; three bags of rice。如果耍表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，如：two cups of tea;four pieces of paper;three glasses of water.名词的所有格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。1 .表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加I,其复数形式是C,如：a student's room;students* rooms;fathers shoes o.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加1,如：Children's Day。2 .表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用I,如:a twenty minutes1 walk;ten miles* journey;a boat's length;two pounds* weight;ten dollars* worth o.无生命名词的所有格那么必须用of结构，如：a map of China;the end of this term;the capital of our country;the color of the flowers o3 .双重所有格，如：a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列的情况：分别有's,那么表示“分别有”，例如：Johnfs and Mar/s rooms （约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Tom's and Mary's bikes （两人各自的自行车）。只有一个's,那么表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary!s room （约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Mary's mother （Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹）。?检测训练冠词基础版一、单项选择I would like to be teacher when I grow up.A. aB. anC. theD. /一What are you searching for on the Internet?一I'm trying to buy MP3 player at low price.A. a; aB. an; theC. an; aD. the; the. 一Have you read a book called The Merchant of Venice2Yes.book is very interesting.1. Shall we play basketball this afternoon?一Good idea! Do you have basketball?A. the; aB. a; aC. /; /D. /; aHave you ever read the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer?Yes, it's really interesting book.A. aB. anC. theD. /一Is AC Milan European football club?Yes. It one of most successful clubs in Italy.A. a; /B. a; theC. an; theD. an; /Britain is European country. However, Japan is Asian country.A. a, anB. an, aC. a, aD. an, anDo you know lady talking with Mr Brown over there?一Yes, She is our new English teacher.A. /; theB. the; theC. a;/D. the; /Jane,honest child, bought useful dictionary yesterday.A. a; aB. an; anC. a; anD. an; aHere's 80-word article on how to wash hands, which was written by universitystudent in Taizhou.A. a; anB. an; aC. an; anD. an; theMany children start to learn to play piano at an early age.A. aB. anC. theD. /Lucy is an eleven-year-old girl and she goes to school on foot every day.A. anB. aC.不填. The genius boy, Laurent Simons, went to college at the age of twelve.A. aB. theC. anD. /Look at book on that bookcase. Ifs interesting book.A. a; theB. the; anC. a; aD. the; aThe visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks oflife are working hard for new Jiangsu.A. /; aB. /; theC. the; aD. the; theMike is honest boy and he often walks his dog after supper.A. a; theB. a; /C. an; aD. an; /I like playing volleyball and my parents will buy me ball tomorrow.A. /B. anC. aD. the, This is really ugly bird.But it is useful bird. It can help fishermen catch fish.A. an; aB. an; anC. a; aDear students, be confident of yourselves and complete the English paper carefully, and you'll get unexpected result through your efforts.A. aB. anC. /George Washington was honest boy that all the neighbors all trusted him.A. so anB. such anC. such a冠词拔高版单项选择Li Hua has good knowledge of many foreign languages, and one of them is Englishwhich is language spoken by many people in the world.A. the; aB. a; theC. a; aD. the; theRyan really had made difference to these children. He broke intojoyful smile.A. the; theB. the; aC. a; theD. a; aInternet helps friendships.A. AnB. AC. /D. TheI couldn't remember exact date of the Picasso exhibition, but I knew it wasSaturday.A.the;aB. the; theC. an;aD.an;/. There is wide range of activities fbr children in our club.A.anB. theC. /D.aIt took us quite a long time to get there. It was journey.A. three-hourB. a three hourC , three hoursD. a three-hour1. Han Dynasty was founded with Chang'an its capital.A. The; asB. /; beingC. The; likeD. /; to beSteve lives in European country, and he teaches in university there.A. an; aB an; theC. a; aD. a; anlefs go to cinema , which will takeyour mind off the problem fbr while.A.the ,theB.the,aC. a, the D.a,aWhen you finish reading the book, you will have _ better understanding of _ life.A.a, theB.the,aC. /, the D.a, /experiment took us five months and turned out great disappointment.A. The ;/B. /; aC. The; aD. The; the一Have you heard of death of Steven Jobs?Yes. It must be shock to Apple fans.A. the; theB. a; theC. the; aD. a; /2. 一Imagine you are outside when earthquake comes. What should you do?Go to open space away from buildings or trees.A. the; theB.the; anC. an; theD, an; anI wonder whatit feels like to be oneof really rich.TheJenkinsons already havetwoRolls Royces and now they are buying third!A. the, aB.the, theC. /, aD. /, theThe Spring Festival is time when Chinese people get together to eat, drink and havefiin with each other.A. a; /B. a; theC. the; aD. the; /It was thought to be adventure fbr him to walk across Sahara Desert alone.A. an; theB. the,/C. /; theD. an; a3. part he played in the movie directed by the famous director moved the audiences to tears.A. A; theB. The;不填 C. A;不填D. The; the. 一What do you think of the grammar book?一Oh, it is really useful reference book, which is worth reading second time.A. a, aB. an, theC. an, aD. the, the4. As matter of fact, basic gardening is so easy to achieve that even people with physicalhandicaps can garden.A. anB. theC. /D. aCollege students should be encouraged to use Internet as resource when planning a term paper.B. /; theA. the; aC. the; theD. a; a名词基础版用所给单词的正确形式填空1. . We Chinese all have an(agree) to develop science and technology.2. They haven't made a(decide) where to spend their summer vacation.3. We assure you of our best(serve) to you.4. The guide book is fbr that important(visit).5. Yuan Longping is one of the greatest (science) in China.6. That couple of French(music) work attracts us deeply.7. We can win the heated if we present the facts clearly, (argue)These Chinese(invent) names are difficult to remember, but their contributions are really great.8. To tell you the, the tour of the Movie Park was the highlight of our visit.(true)Boys, don*t play with these(knife). They are dangerous.9. Suddenly, a lot of(leaf) were blown into the house.名词拔高版用单词的适当形式完成句子1. She has always been encouraged to swim to build up the(strong) of her muscles.2. We should encourage our students to have(confident) in themselves.3. In(term)of money, the man was very rich, but he was not happy at all.4. The(disappear) of dinosaurs is caused by many factors.5. When the old man was hit by the car, all(passer-by) just stood by but only Jack came to rescue.6. The students were praised fbr their good(behave) in class.7. Today restaurants in Guangzhou stimulate(customer)appetite with over 1,000 offerings, each more delicious than the last.8. We look forward to your(settle) at an early date.9. There was a general(expect) that he would win.10. What do you think of the collection of(paint) by American artists?