2023年中考英语阅读理解热点话题练习 专题14 科学家（含答案）.docx

2023年中考英语阅读理解热点话题练习（中考真题+名校最新模拟真题）专题14科学家（2022广东广州中考真题）Charles DarwinEarly yearsCharles Darwin was one of the six children from a big family. His grandfather and father were doctors and the young Darwin went to Edinburgh University to study medicine. However, he hated to see blood and he soon realized that he couldn't be a doctor. He then went to Cambridge University and discovered that he had a great interest in studying plants, insects and animals. Luckily, one of Darwin's university teachers helped him, join the perfect tripfor a biologist: a voyage around the world to study nature.The BeagleDown houseIn 1831, Charles Darwin left Plymouth on The Beagle, a ship that took him around the world for five years.While he was travelling, he studied the plants and animals in the countries and on the islands that the ship visited.Darwin also spent his time on The Beagle writing notes about the things he had seen. When he finally arrived back in Britain, Darwin was already starting to create his famous theory that all living things had a common ancestor （祖 先）.Charles DarwinOn the Origin of SpeciesAt home at Down House, a place that you can still visit today, Darwin wrote many articles and books about his travels, but he didn't want to make anything about his theory known to the public. He worked in his study, where he wrote 250,000 words about his theory of evolution （进化论），but he was frightened about what people might say about his idea that monkeys were the ancestors of humans. He thought the public would be against it and was so frightened that he became ill with worry. However, when another scientist started to write about similar ideas, Society. Before long, Newton began again to study the problems of motion. At last, he seemed to have solved the main difficulties, but he did not publish his findings at once.Only in 1687 did he at last publish his new theory. Newton's great work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, marked the success of the Scientific Revolution. Newton put the famous three laws of motion in it. Newton was soon recognized as the leader of English science. In 1703, he became the president of the Royal Society.Science was never quite the same after Newton's discoveries. No wonder that the eighteenth-century poet Pope, looking back at Newton's work, wrote: Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night; God said, Let Newton be!And all was light.Newton, however, never rested on his fame （名望）.He continued to work and study. In his last years, he once said to a friend, “I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy, playing on the seashore, and now and then finding a smoother pebble （鹅卵石）or a prettier shell, while the great ocean of truth lay undiscovered before me.”Where did Newton begin to turn to the problems of motion?A. At home.B . At Cambridge. C. Outside the garden. D. On top of a building.34. The underlined word "it" in Paragraph 5 refers to.A. the Royal SocietyB. the success of the Scientific RevolutionC. Newton's new theoryD. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy35. In what order did the following events happen to Newton?a. He became curious about the movement of falling objects.b. He published his new theory.c. He joined the Royal Society.d. He showed great interest in the mysteries of nature.e. He was recognized as the leader of English science.A. d-a-c-b-eB. d-c-a-e-bC. a-d-c-e-bD. a-d-e-b-cWhat can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Newton acted like a little boy.B. Newton continued to work for fame.C. Newton liked playing on the seashore.D. Newton only focused on working and studying.（2022江西模拟预测）We are familiar with telescope now. But do you know who invented it? Many people think it's Galileo. Is that the truth? Galileo was a famous Italian scientist who discovered Jupiter's （木星的）four largest moons in 1610. He lived from 1564 to 1642. He did not invent the telescope that he used to see those moons. In fact, he just made the telescope better.Hans Lippershey was a man from Holland who made eyeglasses. He invented the telescope in 1608 while making eyeglasses. He wanted to see things far away on land. So he put known technology and his imagination together and came up with the telescope.The Dutch government tried to keep the invention a secret, but it didn't work that way. Galileo heard about it and built his own. Galileo's telescope was three times more powerful than Lippershey, and Galileo got the idea to turn it to the night sky. And in 1611, he made sure that Earth wasn't the center of the universe. So Galileo was the first to use a telescope to watch the universe.Galileo is often thought to have invented the telescope because he made so many important discoveries with it. Besides, Galileo invented many other things, including the microscope. But the telescope isn't just his invention. 38. How old was Galileo when he discovered Jupiter's four largest moons?A. 44B. 46C. 64D. 78What can we learn about Lippershey from the passage?A. He was an Italian.B. He made eyeglasses.C. He was afraid of Galileo.D. He liked watching stars with a telescope.39. What can't we call Galileo according to the passage ?A. a scientistB. an inventor C. an astronaut D. a physicistWhich of the following is NOT mentioned about Galileo?A. He made many important discoveries with the telescope.B. He discovered Earth was not the center of the universe.C. He was the first to watch the night sky with a telescope.D. He was the first Italian man to wear eyeglasses.参考答案：1. AC2. BD【导语】本文讲述达尔文早期的学习和旅行经历，讲述达尔文研究自然世界，并完成物种起源的经历。1 .细节理解题。根据第一段"he hated to see blood and he soon realized that he couldn't be a doctor”可知,达 尔文讨厌看到血，所以放弃了学医。应选A。2 .细节理解题。根据第二段"Darwin also spent his time on The Beagle writing notes about the things he had seen. When he finally arrived back in Britain, Darwin was already starting to create his famous theory that all living things had a common ancestor”可知，达尔文在“小猎户号”船上的旅行，让他开始创造他有名的理论，他认为所有 的生物都有一个共同的祖先。应选C。3 .推理判断题。根据"he had a great interest in studying plants, insects and animals”可知,他对学习自然世界 感兴趣。根据“one of Darwin's university teachers helped him, join the perfect trip fbr a biologist: a voyage around the world to study nature”可知，他得到帮助可以去环球航行。根据"he studied the plants and animals in the countries and on the islands that the ship visited”可知，他在岛上研究植物和动物。根据"When he finally arrived back in Britain”可知,他回到英国。根据"he was frightened about what people might say about his idea that monkeys were the ancestors of humans”可知，他认为群众不会支持他的想法。根据"Darwin decided to print his book,。比e O万g历dSpecies”可知他出版了他的书物种起源。正确的顺序是c-e一f-a一b一d。应选Bo4 .推理判断题。根据最后一段"Darwin Day is celebrated around the world to encourage more people to study the natural world”可知，达尔文日是为了鼓励更多的人研究自然科学。可推断最后一段是为了展示达尔文在 自然科学上的影响。应选D。3. AB4. CC5. A【导语】 本文介绍了中国“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平的生平。5 . 词义猜想题。 根据“Dr. Yuan Longping worked most of his life growing better rice.As a result ofhis research, the Chinese people are no longer worried about getting starved.His great work also helped the world produce more and more rice.”可知，由于袁隆平的研究帮助世界生产更多的大米，中国人不再担忧挨饿，所以单词“starved” 指的是“挨饿”，应选A。6 .细节理解题。根据“Yuan, born on Sept. 7, 1930. After graduating（毕业）from Southwest Agriculture College, he worked as a teacher at an agriculture school in Hunan.”可知，他曾经是一所农业学校的老师。应选 B。7 .细节理解题。根据"In 1973, he started to develop a type of hybrid rice species（种类）. It produced 20% more rice per unit than common ones. The seeding（M） was very successful in the following year.”可知，1973 年， 他 开始培育一种杂交水稻品种。它的单位产量比普通水稻多出20%。第二年播种非常成功。所以袁隆平成功 播种杂交水稻是在1974年，应选C。8 .细节理解题。根据"This progress made China the world's leader in rice production.”以及后面的介绍可知， 袁隆平的杂交水稻使中国成为世界水稻生产的领导者。应选C。9 .主旨大意题。根据整个文章的理解可知，主要是介绍中国“杂交水稻之父”袁隆平的生平，应选A。6. AC7. CB【导语】本文主要介绍了伟大的科学家钱学森。10. 细节理解题。根据“He was bom in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province on December 11, 1911"以及"When he was 44, he returned to his motherland and the country's space research was almost a blank.”可知他出生于 1911 年， 他44岁的时候回到祖国，即1955年回到祖国。应选A。11. 细节理解题。根据"In 1956, he set up the first research institute of rockets and missiles.”可知 1956 年，他 成立了第一个火箭导弹研究所。应选C。12. 词义猜想题。 根据“he could make much more money if he stayed in the United States, he laughed and said, "My family name is Qian, but I don't like qianJ”可知如果他待在美国，他会挣更多的钱，但是他不喜欢钱， 选择报效祖国，故此处划线局部意为“钱工 应选C。13. 细节理解题。根据“He made such important contributions to the missile and space programs that he was honored as "The Father of China's Missiles9. The Chinese people are proud of him”可知他为导弹和航天事业做 出了重要贡献，被誉为“中国导弹之父”，中国人民以他为荣。应选B。14. DC15. B【导语】本文主要讲述了一个十几岁的科学家拉奥的故事。14 .细节理解题。根据第一段"Instead of going to school,she was busy being interviewed on the Tonight Show faraway from home.”可知她接受了今夜秀的采访。应选D。15 .词义猜想题。In fact, Rao was a teen scientist. On the show, she.an invention to find lead （铅） in drinking water.”可知，应是“展示一项创造，“demonstrated”的意思应为“展示应选C。16 .推理判断题。根据第四段"Rao's love for science actually began when she was 10 years old. The girl has always wanted to spread love and kindness through her inventions.”和"Rao says her goal has now changed from creating new apps to helping solve the world's problems. She wants to encourage others to do the same as well.“ 口J 知拉奥树立了一个聪明、乐于助人的典范。应选B。16. CD17. BC18. B【导语】本文讲述了青少年时期的爱因斯坦由于总和一群顽皮捣蛋的孩子在一起玩耍，导致考试不及格。他的父亲 给他讲了一个有关两只小猫的寓言故事，最终他明白了一个道理：不要看别人做什么自己就做什么，要懂 得分辨。17. 细节理解题。根据“At the age of 16, Einstein always played with a group of mischievous （顽皮捣蛋的）kids."可 知，青少年时.期的爱因斯坦总是和一群顽皮捣蛋的孩子在一起玩耍，这使他学习不够努力最终导致考试不 及格的原因。应选C。18. 细节理解题。根据"Seeing the dirty cat, the clean cat thought its own face must be dirty, so it quickly ran to the river and washed its face. The dirty cat saw the clean cat and thought its own face was also clean, so it just swaggered down the street”可知，干净的猫由于看到脏猫，所以去洗了脸。而脏猫看到干净的猫并不觉得自己脸上有 灰，于是大摇大摆地上街了，两只猫都做了错误的选择。应选D。19. 词句猜想题。 根据“The dirty cat saw the clean cat and thought its own face was also clean, so it just swaggered down the street”可知，脏猫看到干净的猫并不觉得自己脸上有灰，于是大摇大摆地上街了。动词“swaggered” 表达了脏猫未发现自己脸上有灰时的自信。应选B。20. 细节理解题。根敏'You have to think fbr yourself. If you just do what everyone else does, you will never learn.” 可知，父亲的寓言故事告诉孩子一个道理，即人要有自己思考的意识，如果一味地效仿他人，将一事无成。 应选C。21. 推理判断题。根据"He decided to pay more attention to his studies and less attention to what his friends were doing."可知，爱因斯坦决定多注意他的学习，少注意他的朋友们在做什么，可推知他对自己所做的一切感 到抱歉，应选B。22. DC23. AB24. A【导语】本文主要介绍了一名被授予“人民科学家”国家荣誉称号的科学家顾方舟。22. 细节理解题。根据"Gu's family faced a difficult time with the sudden death of his father."，"He studied hard and finally entered Peking University as a medical student in 1944.”, “Gu was asked to lead polio research in 1957.” 和“Gu passed away at age 92 on January 2, 2019. Eight months later, he received a national honorary title （荣誉称 号）“the People's Scientisf, forhis polio （脊髓灰质炎）research.”可知,事件发生的正确的顺序是。故 选D。23. 细节理解题。根据"Gu Fangzhou, a famous medical scientist, was bom in June, 1926,"和"He studied hard and finally entered Peking University as a medical student in 1944.”可知,他在 18 岁的时候进入 了北京大学。应选Co细节理解题。根据“In 1955, polio broke out in Nantong, Jiangsu Province. It paralyzed （使瘫痪）1,680 people, mostly children aged below seven. It spread to neighboring areas and resulted in 466 deaths.”可知, 在 1955 年幼 466人死于脊髓灰质炎。应选A。24. 细节理解题。根据“In 1959 Gu succeeded in developing the first polio live vaccine.”可知，顾方舟本人是中国 第一个尝试研制脊髓灰质炎疫苗的人。应选B。25. 最正确标题题。根据全文可知,本文主要介绍了一名被授予“人民科学家”国家荣誉称号的科学家顾方舟。A选项A Great Medical Scientis俨伟大的医学科学冢，符合题意。应选A°A26. AC27. C【导语】本文主要介绍了 2022年3月3号公布的2021年感动中国十大人物之一：杨振宁。27 .细节理解题。根据"Yang got the opportunity to further his studies in the United States. There he met another Chinese student, Tsung-dao Lee （李政道），who shared the same interests, and they often discussed the physics issues together.”可知，杨振宁是在美国遇见了李政道，不是在清华大学。应选A。28 .词句猜想题。根据"It let other Chinese people know that Chinese scientists could stand out in the global science community and be on the global frontier （前沿）to compete with their peers.”可矢口，中国木斗学家可以在全球乖斗学 界脱颖而出，站在全球前沿与同行竞争。此处stand out与选项A意思相近，应选A。29 .主旨大意题。根据全文可知I,本文主要介绍了 2022年3月3号公布的2021年感动中国十大人物之一： 杨振宁。应选C。30 .篇章结构题。根据第一段可知，主要引出2022年3月3号公布的2021年感动中国十大人物之一：杨 振宁，也就是即将要介绍的主人公；第二至五段介绍了杨振宁的个人经历和获得诺贝尔物理学奖的过程； 最后一段介绍了杨振宁对于中国海外学生的影响，应选C。28. AC29. D【导语】本文介绍了简古道尔是世界上著名的灵长类动物学家，她对黑猩猩进行大量的研究。她写了几本书，并传 播保护黑猩猩以及与它们共享地球的信息。31. 推理判断题。根据“Instead of numbering the chimpanzees （黑猩猩）she was studying, she gave them names and began to earn their trust, creating a connection and then being accepted by the animals as a member of the group., 可知，简古道尔被一个黑猩猩群体所接纳。应选A。32. 词句猜想题。根据“she saw them eating meat in 1961”可知，她看见黑猩猩吃肉，因此表示它们不是素食主义 者，以蔬菜为生，应选C。33. 标题归纳题。根据“Dr. Jane Goodall is one of the most famous primatologists （灵长类动物学家）in the world.” 和“Instead of numbering the chimpanzees （黑猩猩）she was studying, she gave them names and began to earn their trust, creating a connection and then being accepted by the animals as a member of the group.”可知， 简古道尔是 世界上著名的灵长类动物学家，她研究黑猩猩，被一个黑猩猩的群体接受，因此本文主要介绍了她是黑猩 猩的拥护者，应选D。34. AD35. AD【导语】本文向我们介绍著名的科学家牛顿的故事。34 .细节理解题。根据"At the age of twenty-three, Isaac Newton moved from Cambridge to his country home. There, his thoughts turned to the problems of motion.”可知，23岁时，牛顿从剑桥搬到了他乡卜的家，在那里 他的思想转向运动问题。应选A。35 .词义猜想题。分析“Newton's great work. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, marked the success of the Scientific Revolution. Newton put the famous three laws of motion in it.”可知，牛顿的伟大作品自然哲学的数学原理标志着科学革命的成功，在这本书中牛顿提出了著名的运动三定律。所以此处“it” 指的是 The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 这本书，应选 Do.细节理解题。根据“From the very first Newton was very much interested in the mysteries of nature."，“The apple set him to wondering about the movement of falling objects."，“Three years later, hejoined the Royal Society.”, “Only in 1687 did he at last publish his new theory.”和"Newton was soon recognized as the leader of English science.”可知，事情发生的顺序是d-a-c-b-e,应选Ao36 .推理判断题。根据"Newton, however, never rested on his fame. He continued to work and study.”可知，牛 顿从不满足于他的名声，他继续工作和学习。所以牛顿只专注于工作和学习，而不是名声，应选D。36. BB37. CD【导语】木文是一篇说明文。主要讲述有关伽利略的情况，客观讲述了有关望远镜和伽利略的关系，纠正人们在认 知上的看法，也肯定了伽利略的贡献。38.细节理解题。根据“discovered.in 1610”和“helivedfh）m 1564to 1642”可以推出伽利略当时46岁。应选B。 39.细节理解题。根据“Hans Lippershey was a man from Holland who made eyeglasses”可知他是一个眼镜制造商。应选Bo细节理解题。根据"Galileo was a famous Italian scientist who discovered Jupiter's （木星的）four largest moons in 1610”以及“Galileo invented many other things”可知伽利略是一个科学家、创造家，而且他发现了木星的四个 最大卫星，说明他还是一个物理学家，文中没有提到他是一个航天员。应选C。40. 细节理解题。根据“he made so many important discoveries with it”可知他用望远镜做了很多重要的发现，选 项A表述正确；根据“Earth wasn't the center of the universe”可知伽利略发现地球不是宇宙的中心，选项B 表述正确；根据“Galileo was the first to use a telescope to watch the universe”可知伽利略是第一个使用望远镜 观察宇宙的人，选项C表述正确。应选D。Darwin decided to print his book, On the Origin of Species.Most scientists accepted Darwin 9s theory and people continue to study it today. On 1