初中英语语法大全(完整版).docx
如中共学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法:1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange,2代词(pro%.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she,you, it.3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .4、数词(加):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one9 two9 three9 first, second thirds fourth.5、动词(h):表示动作或状态。如:isfarehave9see.6、副词(俏加.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here9 often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(w£.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an9 the.8、介词(pl缈.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如山,0%必。叫 behind.9、连词(co“j.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如即",。"力力驱re.10感叹词(加全姑.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh9 well9 hi9 hello.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足 语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I9m Miss.供是格林小姐)2、谓语动后说明主语的动作最状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every "伊(杰克每天清扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份最特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如:M. zia/ne is Pinguing.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代蔺曲任。如:He can spell the wo”.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,二不-箱物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote /nc a letter .(他给我写了 一封信)看荷商把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me .(他给我写 了 一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形初、代词:数词函面£。如:Shanghai is a big city.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,逋常由副词担任。如:颂&(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom c/ea.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do 研(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by 老师要我自学注宿)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3、构词法:英语构词法正重看:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法:如:spaceship9 headache basketball playground 等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名词:动词动词+加g动词+(3。形容词+ess其他,如: inventor learner, swimmings congratulation, kindness carelessness knowledge(2)派生形容词:名词到 名词立以 动词+ 崂Q/ ©friendlydange/ous Chinese; Japanese English Frenck Gennan 国名+仞。如:snowy9 sunny9 hopeful,beautiful interesting follwing, daily阐 日 nervous9 delicious1、英语的序数词基本变法:(1) 一般在基数词后加九(2).结尾的改为加,(3).卬结尾的改为九(4)熟记特殊词。2、序数词如下:1stfir st21sttwenty-first2ndX20thtwentieth22ndtwenty-second3rdsecond13ththirteenth30ththirtieth23rdtwenty-third4th小14thfourteenth40thfortieth5thfourth15thfifteenth50thfiftieth35ththirty-fifth6th16thsixteenth60fhsixtiethyth17thseventeent70thseventieth8thseventh18thh80theightieth妙eighth19theighteenth90thninetieth10thnineteenth100thone11thtenthundredth101stone hundred and12theleventhfirsttwelfth700*thousandth9 1000000th -one millionth.,第 703f the seven hundred and third,第 5480f 统 five thousand four hundred and eightieth.3、注:(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数局部用序数词,其余局部仍用基数词。如: thirty-sixth.(2)使用序数词时一般加定冠词 洗。.如:Pm in the third grade.(3)序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如:; 2Z?f two thirds ; 4H f four sevenths ; 1/2 a half; 1/4 f a quarter ; 3/4 f three quarters ; 50% - fifty hundredths (fifty per cent).4、数词的用法:-1 > 表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.2、表示日期:12 月 1 日:Dec. 1stthe first of December 2002 年 11 月 8 日:Nov. 8th9 2002.3、表示时 亥 U : 5: 75 f five fifteen 或 a quarter past five ; 8: 30 eight thirty 或 halfpast eight; 10: 45 f ten forty-five 或 a quarter to eleven.4、表示编号:Room 105 f Room one 0 five; Bus No.l3-Bus Number Thirteen; R5-PageFive; Tel.No. 7658659 -Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine5、小数的读法:5.7f five point seven. 0.16 -zero point one six.6、“ 半,的表达:l/2f 痴" 半小时 f/nzV an hour, 1.5 小时 fand a half hours 或 onehour and a half.7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一 ”。如:The third lesson is rather d力(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third fi/ne?(我们把课文读第三遍,好 吗?)五、冠词1、冠词分类及读法:英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指 或特指的作用。定冠词the读法:单独念时读Ti:,在句子中常发Ti (元音之前)或者 T (辅音之前);不定冠词 施的读法:单独念时读ci/An;在句子中常发/no2、不定冠词a/的用法:不定冠词。/沏用在单数名词的前面/用在辅音开头的词前面;an用在元音开头的词的 前面。不定冠词的基本用法:(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a do殳lying on the 有一只狗躺在地上。)(2)表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:Z elepham is much stronger than a s.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)- 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of E/zjg/is/z.(他是英语教师。) (4)表示“ 一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room, 个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)(5)几个用不定冠词的习语:a 6”(一点),a little(一点、),a先w(几个),a /of (许多),a kind 次一种),a pair of一副、一双),a number 次大量的),a piece of (一张、一片),half an (半小时),have a good /加e(玩得开心),have a cold(感冒),make a(发出嘈杂声),have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。3、定冠词洗。的用法:定冠词用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。定冠词的基本用法:(1)表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is一朵花的男人是杰克)一(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:加(莉莉,请看黑板。)(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There isji man under the tree. The man is called 树下有个人,那个人叫罗伯特。)(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns abound the(地球绕太阳旋转。)(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will he strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。)(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:加至加go?(谁第一个去? )/0/ all the stars9 the sun is the nearest to the ew法.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to playat f/zc ago 45.(五岁时4也开始拉小提琴)一(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya 伍i/zs.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States 力机夕ico.(他 来自美利坚合众”I)一(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next months月格林一家要去峨眉山)(1 之前一般用the。如:andlook the §阳«.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样) (12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),皿0 the Acd(铺床),加the (最 后),0曲ie(一直),制the way(顺便说一下),m the way(在路上)等等。4、一些不用冠词的情况:(1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国)/M needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)(2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:AZ- pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was bom on Afo/zdaL Febiuary 78/995.(他 出生在 1995 年二月 十八日,星期一)/ They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.天他们通常在山上植树)(4)(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys 人比猴子聪明)(5)三餐饭前不用。如: 根have breakfast at home and lunch at sc九oo/.(我们在家吃早 饭,在校吃午饭)(6)节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children's Day the boys often get presents from their .(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)(7)球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday after noons.期六下午踢足球)(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are at People's他们止匕刻在人民电影院)(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:(1) at/to /from / out of / after /for school; (2) in/to / for / after class; (3)加/to / out of /into bed; (4) after/ at/from / out of / to work; (5) at / to sea; (6) in / from / down / to town; (7) at / from home; (8) at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; (9) at night/noon/midnight; (10) on foot; (11) go to school/hed; on top of; (13) in front of; (14) on show/display/duty/watch; (15) in / out of hospital; (16) at all; (17) on/in time; (18) at first/last/once; (19) in Chinese/Englishetc.; (20) take care of方、形容词、副词:1、形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。1、形容词的句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。2、形容词在句子中的位置:作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如:a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:The price sounds -(这个价格听起来算 是合理)作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如: 根 must try our best to keep our environment 选也.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)后置的情况:修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Something serious has happened to 加2.(他发生了严重的事故)与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:He 1.8 metres 加.(他身高 1.8 米。)The moon is about 380000 kilometres away from the。加.(月 海嵩地38万公里)3、有关形容词的用法辨析:(1) 与all:记住两个词序:the whole +名词;all (of) the +名词。如:He was busy the whole -加(整个用晨他者K很忙)/He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)tall与high, short与low:指人的个子时用tall与shorty指其他事物时一般用high 与 low。如:He's very他个子高/矮)/ Tall trees are standing on both sides of that大道的两侧有高大的树木)/Z few people live on high加加6.(少量的人住在高山上) 3/与次侬/一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而次形那么指事情或消息的可靠 性,译为“真实的"。如:This is a real diamond(钻石)and it9s very expensive.(这是货真 价实的钻石,非常贵)/that true?Yes. I heard it with my own。咐(那真实吗? 是的,我亲耳所听)一(4) interested与interesting的区别:interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语, 而interested那么表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如:The man is very imerestinfj and all the children like him.(这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/ This book is interesting and you can really e句oy jo 夕sc/(这本/很有趣,你会真正获得享受)/ am interested in scM/ice.(我对自然科学感兴趣)such 用法:such + ()+ 名词(单数X+/。,从句)。如:I have never seen such a -o/is/z(愚蠢的)80M(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩)/He had such a terrible accident that he could never%喏他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记)(6嬴d与well:表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用表示“(身体)好” 时用如:Doing sports is good for(进行运动对我们有益)/S加。well and makeprogress every daj“好好学习,天天向上)/ “/Tow are you?I am very (你好吗? 我很好。)一nice fine-.的区别:“ice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;一般指 身体或天气好。如:Lef*go a就are(提供)/e还毛caAe(我们去提供那块美味的蛋糕吧)/SA« is a nice g"/.(他是个漂亮的姑娘)/ What a fineau?(多好的天气!)/He9s fbte(最近).(近来他身体不错)too much与much too: too much表示“太多的",修饰事物数量;much too表示“太 过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如:I am full because I have had too much尸ice.(我饱 了,因为我吃了太多的米饭)/ That coat is much too那件大衣太贵了)quick> fast与soon: quick与fast基本同义往往指反响速度快zsf往往指运 动速度快,而soon那么表示时间上很快即将发生。如:After a quick breakfast he hurried to school leaving his bag at.(匆匆地吃过早饭他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) /A train is much faster than a 力s.(火车比公共汽车快得多)/His father will be back to China -ry som .(他父亲很快就要返回中国)(10)/oe勿与Rmc:痴也是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语 或表语;的意思是:“单独的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语:(作为副词的山可作状语)。如:He lives alone but he doesn 7 feel lonely.一人独住,但是并不感到孤 独)/He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with 人说.(他是个孤独的人,你 要和他相处好实在不易)(11)。伍er与e/se的区别:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,。伍er放在名词前;else 修饰不定代词、疑问词、/%/«、皿也后置,另外else表示“否那么”,是连词。如: The other students are on the其彳也学生在操场上)/ Who else can work outthis maths pro'/e/w?(还有谁能解出着道数学题? ) / This is nobodv elsefs money. Ifs /wi/ie.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。、/ Do you have a辿加jg else to say for (你还有什么要为自己说的吗?(12) special与e卯ecia/的区别:表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special 较为常用。另外,卬ecia/还可以表示特别的目的。如:She pays (e) special attention to c/o加(她非常注重着装)/ These are special chairs for small泌力回1.(这些是专门给 小孩子的椅子)gone、losty missing的区别:gone表示“丢了,没了 ”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以 表示“死了 ”作表语或宾补,不可以作定语;/os,表示“丧失”,含难以找回的意思,可 作定语、表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了,不见了 ”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、 表语或宾补。如:My%(高烧)is jgoe, but I still have a cog/2.(发烧消退了,但我仍 然咳嗽)/ The parents found the lost child a, /“st(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子)/ My dictionary is missing. Who9s taken it aw©?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了 ?)/ For more detailed information() of the missing girls, please visit our we加(网址).(如果想矢口 道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站)(14) livings alive> live>"的区别:四个词都来源于动词“生活、居住”。/加加g读liviN有三个意思:“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语,“一模一样的、 逼真的”,相当于他仇意思是“强烈的、活泼的”;读laiv,指东西“活的”,可以替换为加加g;R2读Plaiv作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,那么放在名词的后面;如勿读laivli有三个意思:有生气的、活泼的、快活的,(色彩)鲜艳的,生动的、 真实的。例如:A living language should be learned (口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上 学X被动句)/ We have a li优仪hope that you will(我们强烈地希望你能成功)/ Is she still 也丝?(她还活着吗?)/ They are the happiest children 也丝(他们 是活着的最开心的孩子)/ This is a live 这是条活鱼)/ A live wire(电线)is (有电的电线是危险的)is as lively as a(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱)/e gave a lively description of the football /nafc九(他生动土也描述 了那场 足球赛)sicA与阻区别:siM和阻都表示“生病的”,但是,啦可以做定语、表语,而以只能 做表语。如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak(他病 了 彳艮久,现在非常虚弱)/ Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets9 owners like 兽医帮 助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主云布的喜爱)(16)/epoor(穷人们)(富人们)等用法:“洗+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人 物,复数含义。如:We must try our best to help洗匕(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们)/小« rich never know how the poor are living.钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)2、副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程 度的词叫做副词。1、副词的分类:(见下表)时间副词频度副 词地点/方位副 词程度副词方式副 词疑问/连接副 词其他副词today, tomorrow9 yesterday now9 thenf early, late, once, soon, just, tonight, long, alreadyyyet,before9ago, later, ever sinceafter, wheneverfirsts someday9 sometime9 last,once, twice9 always, usually, often, sometime s,never,(seldom),ever9here9 there9 home9 below, anywhere9 above9 outside, bi, inside, out, back,up,down9off, far,near9 nearby9wherever everywhere,very9 too, enough, rather9 quite, how, so, much, just,nearly, onlyalmost, hardly, as long as 等,even, all9 a little, a bitwell, hard9alone9 fast, together9 suddenly,心结尾的副词how, where, when, w回 whetherhowever9 etc.too9 also, nor9 so, as, on,off, either, yes, no, not9 neithermaybe,perhaps9 certainlyy关系副词whereywhy, how wheny2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用:作状语:时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意必力,late、beforey later> ",等一般放 在句尾just 一般放在动词的前面。如:We will visit the Great Wall o尸row.(我们明天要去参观长城)/ They have already been to the UK加ic«.(他 们去过英王国两次)/Soon the lost hoy found his way hack不久迷路的孩 子找到了回家的路)一频度副词:一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes> often等还可以放在句首或句尾,可放在句首,oc«可放在句尾,。近c«、 three times等一般放在句尾。如:Sometimes I get up ew仅(我有时起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the%c加伊(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭)/ Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次) 方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,血仪可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。 如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young peo夕 M.(老年人几乎不可能走 得和年轻人一样快)/Suddenly he saw a light in the dark caue(山洞).(突然,在黑 髅髅勺山洞里,他看见了 一丝亮光)地点副词:一般放在句尾,但人打、/ere还可放在句首。如:There you can see thousands of bikes running in all(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动)/ The frightened wolf ran四.(受到惊吓的狼逃开 了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back som.(他悄悄地走了 出去,很快又返 回)程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副 词之前。但注意,总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;位置比 较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:/ nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了)/ was so strangethat I could kardlv believe my(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵)/She got to the station early etwu&h to catch the first 方 (她早早地赶到乍站赶上了首班车) 疑问副词:用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如:When and where were you 力”(你何时何地出生? )/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小 爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上? VHow do四 do?(你好!) 连接副词:用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。Howl am fjoinw to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)/ That isis afraid of the血口:(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因)/ Hewondered how he could do it the next(他不知道第二天怎样做那事) 关系副词:用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如:This is the place where Mr Zhang/加.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)/ Please tell me the way howyoulearned Enulish so well.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法)其它副词:加。“也”,用在句尾;Rso放在动词前;应加夕“也不工放在句尾; nor “也不”,放在句首;so “如此,这样“,放在形容词、副词前;on/off 关”放在动词之后;not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前; maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或动词之前。如:He went to the Palace Museum and I went there"oo.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了)/ Mavbe your ticket is in your inside也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里)/ "Tomdoesn 7 have a computer. -Nor do (汤姆没有计算机,我也没有。)(2)作表语:地点副词一般可以作装盍放在加等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如:Pm very sorry he isn 7 in at the /wowe力(彳艮抱歉,他此亥U 不在家)/1 have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 ”/3.(我离开家乡有将近 20 年了)/ J7/n is over there.(吉姆就在那边)(3)作定语时面函词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词 的后面。如:People often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(现在的 人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴)/ Women there were living a terrible life in the 7920M在二十世纪20年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)(4)作宾语补足语:地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如:尸dirty socks aw”。Jim! 77z"0/”而加督0","$阳(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开!它们在散发着臭气。)/ Father kept him in and doing his /osso/is.(父亲把他关在家里做作业)注意“动词+副词”吊宾语如果是代词,那么该副词应该放在代词之后。如:He wrote down the他写下了那个词。-He wrote it(他把它写了下来。)3、有关施商重要注释:(1) asas常构成一些词组:as soon 4s(一旦就),as well as(同样),as+形容 词/副词+as possiR破尽可能地)。如:Please ring me up as soon as you get toj?药加g.(请你一到北京就给我写信。y Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly 经p°ssiA/0.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。)注释“asas +名词”可以表示“长达/多达”的含义。如:The house costs as much as hundred /y。儿(那幢房子花费高达 50 万元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as loi吆cis two wee's.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)laterafter> ago、b驱的用法:“一段时间+/%r4zgo”分别表示“(多久)以 后/以前”,主要用于过去时态。“叨勿外阶%+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之 后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。ago与before: ago只能用于过去时乃的/2用于完 成时。如:He had an accide