英语词源词典 o.docx

-oholic。abstracted from alcoholic (q.v.).-oid。suffix for "like, like that of,“ from Gk. -oeides, from eidos ''form,“ related to idein “to see,“ eidenai nto know;" lit. "to see,“ from PIE weid-es-, from base weid- nto see, to know” (see vision).commercial suffix, probably originally in pianola (q.v.).suffix forming nouns of quality, state, or condition, from M.E. -our, from O.Fr. -our (Fr. -eur from L. -orem (nom. -or), a suffix added to pp. verbal stems. Also in some cases from L. -atorem (nom. -ator). The -our form predominated after 0.1300, but there was a partial revival of -or on the L. model from 16c. In U.S., via Webster, -or is universal, while in Britain -our is used in most cases (but with exceptions: author, error, senator, ancestor, etc.).suffix expressing state or condition, in medical terminology denoting na state of disease/1 from L. -osis, from Gk. -osis, formed from the aorist of verbs ending in -o. It corresponds to L. -atio.-our。see -or.inteij. of fear, surprise, admiration, etc., see oh.The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether 'the average person, applying contemporary community standards1 would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.obscure (adj.)。c.14OO5 from O.Fr. obscur "dark, dim, not clear/1 from L. obscurus ncovered over, dark, obscure, indistinct/ from ob "over" + -scurus ncovered/ from PIE *(s)keu- nto cover, conceal;n source of O.N. sky, O.E. sceo ncloud/1 and L. scutum "shield" and Gk. skeue "dress” (see sky). The verb is first recorded 1432. Obscurity is attested from 1481 in sense of nabsence of light;11 1619 with meaning "condition of being unknown.n Obscurantism (1834) is from Ger. obscurantismus (18c.).obsequious c.1450, "prompt to serve,” from L. obsequiosus ncompliant, obedient/* from obsequium ncompliance, dutiful service/1 from obsequi "to accommodate oneself to the will of another/ from ob "after" + sequi nfollown (see sequel). Pejorative sense of "fawning, sycophantic" had emerged by 1599 (implied in obsequiously).observance。c.1225, nact performed in accordance with prescribed usage/, esp. a religious or ceremonial one J from O.Fr. observance, from L. observantia nact of keeping customs, attention/1 from observantem (nom. observans), prp. of observare (see observe). Observance is the attending to and carrying out of a duty or rule. Observation is watching, noticing. Observant is attested from 1608; in ref. to Judaism, from 1902.observation1382, from L. observationem (nom. observation “a watching over/1 from observatus, pp. of observare (see observe). Meaning “a remark in referenceloosely to mean "contradiction in terms/11432, “a hearing of causes/* from Anglo-Fr. oyer, from O.Fr. oir, from L. audire nto hear" (see audience). Especially in phrase oyer and terminer (1414), from Anglo-Fr. (1278), lit. "a hearing and determining," in England a court of judges of assize, in U.S. a higher criminal court.c.1425, from Anglo-Fr. oyez "hear ye!” (c.1286, O.Fr. oiez), a cry uttered (usually thrice) to call attention, from L. subjunctive audiatis, pl. imperative of audire “to hear” (Anglo-Fr. ozer; see audience).oyster1357, from O.Fr. oistre (Fr. huitre), from L. ostrea, pl. or fem. of ostreum "oyster," from Gk. ostreon, from PIE *ost- "bone" (see osseous). Related to Gk. ostrakon nhard shell“ and to osteon "bone.”nWhy then the world's mine Oyster, which I, with sword will open.” Shakespeare, "The Merry Wives of Windsor/ II.ii.2Ozark。mountains of southcentral United States, from Fr. aux Arcs, short for aux Arkansas “to the Arkansas (Indians)/1 who once inhabited that region. See Arkansas.ozone1840, from Ger. Ozon, coined in 1840 by Ger. chemist Christian Friedrich Schonbein (1799-1868) from Gk. ozon, neut. prp. of ozein "to smell.n So called for its pungent odor.Eolian。1605, “of the wind/1 from L.出olus "god of the winds/1 from Gk. Aiolos, from aiolos nquickly moving.n Eolian harp first recorded 1791. The ancient district of Aiolis in Asia Minor was said to have been named for the wind god, hence Eolian also refers to one branch of the ancient Gk. people.to something observed0 first recorded 1593.observatory -1676 (in ref. to Greenwich), from Fr. observatoire, from observer (v) from O.Fr. (see observe).observe ,c.1386, "to hold to” (a manner of life or course of conduct), from O.Fr. observer, from L. observare “watch over, look to, attend to, guard," from ob “over" + servare "to watch, keep safe," from PIE base *ser- "to protect.n Meaning "to attend to in practice, to keep, follow” is attested from 1390. Sense of "watch, perceive, notice11 is c.1560, via notion of "see and note omens.” Meaning "to say by way of remark11 is from 1605.obsess 1503, "to besiege," from L. obsessus, pp. of obsidere "besiege, occupy/1 lit. nsit opposite to J from ob "against" + sedere "sit.” Of evil spirits, nto haunt J is from 1540. Obsession was originally (1513) nthe act of besieging," then "hostile action of the devil or an evil spirit" (1605); meaning “persistent influence or idea” is first recorded 1680. Obsessive (adj.) formed 1911. Obsessive-compulsive is attested from 1927.obsidian O1656, from L. obsidianus, misprint of obsianus (lapis) ”(stone) of ObsiusJ a Roman alleged by Pliny to have found this rock in Ethiopia.obsolescent ,1755, from L. obsolescentum (nom. obsolescense prp. of obsolescere “fall into disuse” (see obsolete). Obsolescence is attested from 1828.obsoleteobsolete1579, from L. obsoletus ngrown old, worn out," pp. of obsolescere "fall into disuse J probably from ob "away" + solere "to be used to, be accustomed.11obstacle ,0.1340, from O.Fr. ostacle "hindrance," from L. obstaculum na hindrance, obstacle/ from obstare nstand opposite to, block, hinder," from ob “against" + stare "to stand J from PIE base sta- nto stand" (see stet)."The lover thinks more often of reaching his mistress than the husband of guarding his wife; the prisoner thinks more often of escaping than the gaoler of shutting his door; and so, whatever the obstacles may be, the lover and the prisoner ought to succeed.11 StendhalObstacle course is attested from 1973.obstetrics1819, from obstetric (adj.), 1742, from Mod.L. obstetricus npertaining to a midwife,“ from obstetrix (gen. obstetricis) "midwife," lit. "one who stands opposite (the woman giving birth)/1 from obstare "stand opposite to” (see obstacle). The true adjective would be obstetricic, nbut only pedantry would take exception to obstetric at this stage of its career," Fowlerobstinatec.1340, from L. obstinatus "resolute, inflexible, stubborn," pp. of obstinare "persist, stand stubbornly, set one's mind on," from ob "by" + stinare, related to stare nstand/ from PIE basento stand" (see stet).obstreperous ,1600, from L. obstreperus nclamorous/* from obstrepere “drown with noise, oppose noisily/ from ob "against" + strepere "make a noise," from PIE "strep-, said to be imitative.obstruction1533, from L. obstructionem (nom. obstruction na building up," from obstructus, pp. of obstruere nblock up, build up, hinder/1 from ob nagainst" +struere "to pile, build” (see structure). Obstruct is attested from 1611.obtain。c.1425, from M.Fr. obtenir (14c) from L. obtinere "hold, take hold of, acquire/ from ob "to" (though perhaps intensive in this case) + tenere "to hold” (see tenet).obtrude O0.1555, from L. obtrudere nthrust into, press upon,“ from ob "toward" 十 trudere nto thrust" (see extrusion).obtuse。1509, from M.Fr. obtus (fem. obtuse), from L. obtusus "blunted, dull/1 pp. of obtundere "to beat against, make duHJ from ob nagainst" + tundere "to beat," from PIE"to beat, strike, push, thrustn (cf. L. tudes "hammer,'' Skt.tudati "he thrusts"). Sense of “stupid“ is first found 1509. The verb obtund (trans.) nto render dead, make dull" has occasionally been used, esp. in medical jargon, since c.1400.obverse1656 (adj.), from L. obversus, pp. of obvertere "to turn toward or against/1 from ob "toward" + vertere "to turn" (see versus). The noun, in ref. to coins, medals, etc. (opposite of reverse), is attested from 1658.obviate .1598, “to meet and do away with/ from L.L. obviatus, pp. of obviare ”act contrary to, go against/1 from L. obvius "that is in the way, that moves against0 (see obvious).obvious1586, "frequently met with,“ from L. obvius "that is in the way, presenting itself readily, commonplace/1 from obviam (adv.) "in the way/ from ob "against" + viam, acc. of via nway.n Meaning “plain to see, evident*1 is first recorded 1635.ocarina -1877, from It. ocarina, dim. of oca “goose” (so called for its shape), from V.L.*qucq, from L. avicula nsmall bird/1 dim. of avis "bird” (see aviary).Occam's razorOccam's razorwhen two competing hypotheses explain the data equally well, choose the simpler. Named for Eng. philosopher William of Ockham(C.1285-C.1349).occasion (n.) ,1382, from O.Fr. occasion, from L. occasionem (nom. occasio) "opportunity, appropriate time," from occasum, pp. of occidere "fall down, go down," from ob "down, away" + cadere "to fall” (see case (1). The notion is of a "falling together/1 or juncture, of circumstances. The verb is first attested 1530. Occasional (1631) was originally "happening on some particular occasion;n sense of nhappening as occasion presents itself, without regularity" is from 1630.Occident。c.1375, from O.Fr. Occident (12c.), from L. occidentem (nom. occidens) "western sky, part of the sky in which the sun sets/1 originally "setting” (adj.), prp. of occidere "fall down, go down" (see occasion).occipital1541, from M.Fr. occipital, from M.L. occipitalis, from L. occiput (gen. occipitis) "back of the skull/ from ob "against, behind11 + caput "head" (see head).Occitian。"Old Provencal, langue d'Oc,” 1940, also nthe northern variant of modern Provencal/occlude O1597, from L. occludere (pp. occlusus) "shut up, close up,“ from ob "against, upn + claudere nto shut, close" (see close (v.). Of teeth, 1880 (implied in occlusion).occult。1533, “secret, not divulged/* from L. occultus "hidden, concealed, secret/1 pp. of occulere "cover over, conceal/* from ob "over” + a verb related to celare nto hide/1 from PIE base *ke/- (see cell). Meaning "not apprehended by the mind, beyond the range of understanding11 is from 1545. The association with the supernatural sciences (magic, alchemy, astrology, etc.) dates from 1633.occupant1596, from L. occupantem (nom. occupans prp. of occupare nto take possession off (see occupy).occupation。c.1340, na being employed in something/1 also na particular action,” from O.Fr. occupacion (12c.), from L. occupationem (nom. occupation na taking possession, business, employment/ from occupatus, pp. of from occupare (see occupy). Meaning "trade" is from 1530.occupyoccupyc.1340, "to take possession of," also "to take up space or time, employ (someone)/1 from O.Fr. occuper, from L. occupare "take over, seize, possess, occupy/1 from ob "over" + intensive form of capere "to grasp, seize” (see capable). During 16c.-17c. a euphemism for “have sexual intercourse with,“ which caused it to fall from polite usage."A captaine? Gods light these villaines wil make the word as odious as the word occupy, which was an excellent good worde before it was il sorted.n Doll Tearsheet in "2 Henry IV"occur1527, “meet, meet in argument/ from M.Fr. occurrer, from L. occurrere nrun to meet, run against, befall, present itself/1 from ob “against, toward" + currere "to runn (see current). Sense development is from "meet" to "present itself1 to nappear" to "happen" ("present itself in the course of events11). Meaning "to come into one's mind" is from 1626.ocean Oc.1290, from O.Fr. occean (12c.), from L. oceanus, from Gk. okeanos, the great river or sea surrounding the disk of the Earth (as opposed to the Mediterranean), of unknown origin. Personified as Oceanus, son of Uranus and Gaia and husband of Tethys. In early times, when the only known land masses were Eurasia and Africa, the ocean was an endless river that flowed around them. Until 0.1650, commonly ocean sea, translating L. mare oceanum. Application to individual bodies of water began 14c.; there are usually reckoned to be five of them, but this is arbitrary; also occasionally applied to smaller subdivisions, e.g. German Ocean nNorth Sea.” Oceanography coined in Eng. 1859, from Gk. graphia, from graphein "to write" (about).Oceania。Hsouthern Pacific island and Australia, conceived as a continent/11849, Mod.L., from Fr. Oceanie (c.1812). Earlier in Eng. as Oceanica (1832).ocelot"large wildcat of Central and South America,U 1775, from Fr. ocelot, formed in Fr. by naturalist de Buffon (1707-1788), from Nahuatl ocelotl "jaguar”(in full tlalocelotl, a compound formed with tlalli "field')ochlocracy“government by the rabble/1 1584, from Fr. ochlocratie (1568), from Gk. okhlokratia, from okhlos "mob" + kratos "rule, power, strength" (see -cracy).ochre。1398, "type of clayey soil (much used in pigments)/1 from O.Fr. ocre (1307), from L. ochra, from Gk. ochra, from ochros "pale yellow/1 of unknown origin.As a color name, "brownish-yellowJ it is attested from c.1440.octa-。prefix meaning "eight J from L. octo, Gk. okto-, cognate with Skt. asta, Goth. ahtau, O.E. eahta (see eight).octagon。1656, from L. octagonos, from Gk. oktagononos, lit. "eight-angled/1 from okta- comb. form of okto "eight1* (see eight) + gonia nangle/1 related to gony "knee” (see knee). The adjective octagonal is attested from 1571.octane ,hydrocarbon of the methane series, 1872, coined from octo- (from Gk. okto "eight;" see eight) + -ane, as in methane; so called because it has eight carbon atoms. A fueFs octane rating, in ref. to its anti-knocking quality, is attested from 1932.octant O"instrument for making angular measurements in navigation or astronomy/1 1731, from L.L. octans, from octo "eight" (see octa").octave。c.1300, vtaues (pl., from popular O.Fr. form otaves later reformed, from M.L. octava, from L. octava dies "eighth day," fem. of octavus "eighth/ from octo (see eight). Originally nperiod of eight days after a festival," also neighth day after a festival" (counting both days, thus if the festival was on a Sunday, the octaves would be the following Sunday). Verse sense ofnstanza of eight lines" is from c.1586; musical sense of nnote eight diatonic degrees above (or below) a given note" is first recorded 1656, from L. octava (pars) neighth part.”Octavia -fem. proper name, from L., fem. of Octavius, lit. nthe eighth.” octavo。1582, printer's word for sheets folded to make eight leaves, from L.