第06讲- 代词和介词 2022年初高中英语无缝衔接讲义20讲+精练（原卷版）公开课.docx

第06讲代词和介词代词代词是代替其腐、形容词和数词的词。按其意义I特征及其在句中的作用分为；人称代词: 物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词和连接代词等。 人称代词人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。人称单数主格宸格主格宸格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit人称代词的用法1 .人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：I like table tennis.（作主语）Do you know him?（作宾语）2 .人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：-Who is knocking at the door?-It's me.3 .人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比拟时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：He is older than me.He is older than I am.形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示：由since和after引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一 直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去, 因而要与一般过去时连用。如T haven't heard from him since last summer After five days the boy came back.(3)in,afterin与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。after与 将来时态连用时、后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。after与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表 示一段时间的词语。如：He will be back in two months.-He will arrive after four oclockHe returned after a month.2.表示地点的介词at, in, onat 一般指小地方;in 一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的外表”。如： He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.They arrived at a small village before dark.-There is a big hole in the wallThe teacher put up a picture on the wall(2)over, above, on(1) over, on和above都可表示“在上面”，但具体含义不同。over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是undero above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其 反义词是below。on指两个物体外表接触，一个在另一的上面。如：There is a bridge over the ri ver. We flew above the clouds.They put some flowers on the teacher's desk.(2) across, throughacross和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边"，但用法不同。across的含义与on有关，表 示动作在某一物体的外表进行。through的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。如: The dog ran across the grass.-The boy swam across the river-They walked through the forest-I pushed through the crowds.(4)in front of, in the front of(3) in front of表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外;in the front of表示“在的前部”，在某个范围以内。如：There are some tall trees in front of the building-The teacher is sitting in the front ofthe classroom3表示“除了”的介词：except, except for, except that, besides, but(l)except“除之外"，指"不包括后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格)，还可 接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。(2)except for“除了，只有“，意思和except 一样，主要指说明基本情况后，而在细节上加以 修正，后面常接名词性短语。(3)except that”除了,只是”,意思和exeept, except for 一样。但在用法上,其后常接名词性 从句，也可接when, where等词引导的其他从句。(4)besides表示“除外还有二所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外，besides可用 作副词，相当于also,有“而且，加之，何况”之意。如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用except,否那么就用except foro4.表示“用”的介词in, with, by(l)with通常指“用”具体的或有形的工具、器官等，有时也表示“用”某种手段、音调等。(2)by作介词表示“用”时，一般指“用”方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词，后面接名词 时，该名词前面一般不加修饰语。in指“用”语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。七、常见的介词短语1H+名词:表示状态at work在工作 at peace处于和平状态at war处于战争状态2. at开头的介词短语at the beginning of. 在开头 at the same time 与此同H寸at the cost of.,以为代价3.on +名词:表示状态on fire on show on business on holiday on vacationon leave on the way4其他的以on开头的介词短语on the top of 在b面/顶端 on behalf of 代表5.by+名词表示方式by air=by plane by ship-by sea by car by trainby hand手工by mistake错误地6.以in开头的介词短语in no time 立即 in place of 代替 in addition to 另夕卜in charge of 掌管 in return 作为回报in spite of 尽管7.of+名词表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of help=helpfulof importance二importantof use=useful of value=valuable 有价值的8.outof+名词表小状态out of date 过期out of control 失控out of breath 上气不接下气out of work 失业 out of sight 看不见9.with+名词表示方式with joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地with ease轻而易举地 with fear害怕地八、高频介词in charge of in need ofin search of in place of in face of in case ofin turn 轮流 in factin danger in order in surprise in trouble beyond control 失控 beyond repair 无法修理out of sightout of controlout of sightout of controlout of date out of work out of troubleon businessby mistakeon sale on holiday on show on the way by hand in Englishwith ease自在地 at work 在工作on dutyby accidentwith joyat war at dinnerat a loss不知所措at down在黎明beyond expectation 出 乎意料志检测训练基础过关一、用单词的适当形式完成句子1. He could not contain(him) for anger on hearing this.3. She saw that she would first need to get work and establish on a paying basis.4. The bread Mr. Gu makes is much better than which is sold at any other store.5. Generation after generation, our forefathers worked hard and created a splendid culture on this land of(us)rd appreciate if you could give us some advice on how to improve to our robot.6. I hate when she calls me at work.7. Susan made clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.8. is known to us that the moon travels around the earth once a month.9. Once she has made up(she) mind, nothing can change it.10. Push(you) to the limit and find out what you can really achieve.11. It is rude you to speak to your mother this way.12. The noise made it hard for me to focus work.13. Cycling is regarded one of the best all-round forms of exercise.14. Teenagers should be responsible their actions.15. . The artist drew the scene memory.16. Armed with the information you have gathered,you can set preparing your businessplan.17. A considerable number of people object the government's attitude to immigration.18. The plan seems quite good, but I can't easily judge my sense.19. As our family income decreased, Father argued an increase in our pocket money.20. Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing your mistake.21. You can't help being struck her kindness.22. Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead lower self-identity andconfidence.23. He was determined to get there even the risk of his life.24. I feel that women in all types of employment can benefit the policy.25. . Up to now we haven't found a cure cancer.能力提升Test 1(2019黑龙江铁人中学高一开学考试)阅读下面材料.，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单 词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Yesterday was a crazy day. I felt very tired 1 I had a lot of work stuff going. Then I got 2 message from one of my teammates. It said, “ We want to let you know that there are people who see and 3 (true)appreciate all your hard work." This meant more to4than anything else . And it made me think that maybe I need to set timeaside 5 (tell)the people in my life how much I appreciate what they did. Say “Thank you”6 the delivery guy, telling him that you appreciate how hard he is working; tell your daughter that you are proud 7 her 8 (perform)at school; tell your mom that you notice how much she does for the family.Sometimes when a long time goes by without 9 (recognize)for the good we do, we start to get upset, but a simple statement of appreciation could make us become 10 (energy)again for a good long time.Text 2(2022湖南师大附中高一开学考试)阅读下面句子，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内 单词的正确形式。In many countries, it is not unusual for families of 11 (difference) backgrounds to live together in the shared space. 12, in the United States, this idea may still be consideredodd.But this type of housing, 13 (call) co-housing, is gaining popularity in the United States, too. Co-housing complexes are popping up across the country. For many people, this way of life is a 14 (relieve) to the busy modem lifestyle. A co-housing community has15 (private) owned houses and shared land. There is often a “common house“ with a kitchen and dining room, meeting room, and maybe a workshop of library or music room. About 25 co-housing communities 16 (build) in recent years, and 150 more are planned.A co-housing complex is a place 17 residents shop, cook, and eat together. Residents of a co-housing complex like its sense of shared community. Children have other kids18 (play) with, which many families like. Other residents like the feeling of living in 64.19 "village”. Residents also say that they can live in co-housing for 20 (little) money than they would pay for nearby apartment.真题初体验(2021北京卷)A阅读以下短文，根据短文内容填空.在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出 提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Why do we dream ? Scientists aren't completely sure, and they have diverse 11 (idea). Dreams might be a side effect of memory making. When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything 12 happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories. As it 13 (connect) things, your brain turns them into a story, and you get a dream.B 阅读以下短文，根据短文内容填空.在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出 提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Sam is an in-real-life streamer (播主),and he live streams himself just going about his day. While riding his bike home 14 a cold night, he came across a sad-looking elderly woman wandering the streets by herself. The poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about 15 she lived. Sam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could20 (safe) wait for the police to take her home.C阅读以下短文，根据短文内容填空.在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出 提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。There 17 (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years, 18 (cause) largely by rising global temperatures,according to a new report from the United Nations. From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world, 19 (result) in USD 2,970 billion in economic loss. Much of this increase can be due to climate change. The findings show a critical need 20 (invest) in disaster prevention.(2021新高考H卷)Fve always loved the ocean. In the 36 (seven) grade,I started volunteering at theMonterey Bay Aquarium in California. I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plasticgarbage, 37 (think)it is food.I decided to do something 38 (educate) people about this problem. I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste. I wanted to reach businesses too. I decided that if I learned of a company 39 used a lot of plastic, I*d send it an email urging it to cut back.One day, I saw a commercial for a health-care company. People in the ad were using plastic straws (吸管), I found the contact information of the company 40 emailed its president. I told him how 41 (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. I was so 42 (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half.I kept going. Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to 43 (be) Alaska Airlines Paris. A company 44 (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over 45 plastic to papercups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.类别形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数第一人称mymine第二人称youryours第三人称hishisherhersitsits复数第一人称ourours第二人称youryours第三人称theirtheirs物主代词的用法.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。如：Our teacher is coming to see us.This is her pencil-box.1 .名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。如：Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）Is this English-book yours?（作表语）Fve already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）指示代词指示代词包括:this, that, these, thoseo指示代词的用法. this和these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those那么指时间和空间上 较远的事物或人。如：This is a pen and that is a pencil.We are busy these days.In those days the workers had a hard time.1 .有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these那么是指下面将要讲到的事物。如：I had a cold. Thafs why I didn't come.What I want to say is this： pronunciation is very important in learning English.2 .有时为了防止重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替。如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.3 . this在 用语中代表自己，that那么代表对方。如：Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?反身代词英语中用来表示“我自己' "你自己。”他自己。“我们自己”，“你们自己”等意义的代词称 为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示：称 数第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itself复数ourselvesYourselvesthemselves反身代词的用法反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。L作宾语。表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。He called himself a writer.Would you please express yourself in English?4 .作表语。Fil be myself soon.The girl in the news is myself.5 .作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。I myself washed the clothes. （=1 washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）You should ask the teacher himself.（作宾语同位语）不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。几个常用不定代词的用法some与any的区别（1） some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个“。作形容词时，后面可以接：不可数名词+单数动词；可数名词+复数动词。Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.Some rice in the bag has been sold out.（2） any多用于疑问句、条件句和否认句中，表示“一些，任何”。用作形容词时，后面可 以接：不可数名词+单数动词；可数名词+复数动词。Any suggestions are welcom.There isn'tany orange in the bottle.Have you got any tea?（3） any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否认句中，some多用 于肯定句中。-How many people can you see in the picture?-I can't see any.If you have no money, I'll lend you some.【注意】与 some, any 结合的词如 something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody 在 肯定句、否认句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。1. few, a few, little, a little 在用法上的区别（1）用作形容词时：用法表示肯定表不否认用于可数名词a few虽少，但有几个few不多，几乎没有用于不可数名词a little,虽少，但有一点little不多，没有什么I'm going to buy a few apples.There is only a little milk in the glass.He has few friends.They had little money with them.（2） a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微“，little表示“很少”。I'm a little hungry.（修饰形容词 hungry）Let him sleep a little.（修饰动词 sleep）Mary, go a little faster, please.（修饰副词比拟级）3.other, the other, another, others, the others 的区别如下表所示：用法代名词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人，其他人another (boy)另一个(男孩)other (boys) 其他男孩特定the other另一个the others 其余那些人、 物the other (boy) 另一个男孩the other (boys) 其余那些男孩(1) other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。Where are his other books?I haven't any other books except this one.(2)other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other"，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one，the other”句型。He has two brothers. One is 10 years old, and the other is 5 years old.She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.(3) other作代词用时,可以有复数“others”,泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成 “some .，others 句型。Some went to the cinema, and others went swimming.(4) “the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.(5) another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?Mary doesn*t want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?(6) another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。I'm still hungry after Fve had this cake. Please give me another.4. every与each的区别eachevery1）可单独使用1）不可单独使用2）可做代名词、形容词2）仅作形容词3）着重“个别”3）着重“全体”，毫无例外4）用于两者或两者以上中 的每一个人或物4）用于三者或三者以上每 一个人或物The teacher gave a toy to each child.Each ball has a different colour.当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们 说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示 他们都如此。Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.Each student has been given his or her own email address.5. all和both的用法（1） all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中 作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。All of us like Mr Pope.（作主语）=We all like Mr Pope.（作主语 We的同位语）All the water has been used up.（作主语）That*s all for today.（作表语）Why not eat all （of） the fish?（作宾语）All the leaders are here.（作定语）（2） both作代词。与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。Lucy and Lily both agree with us.They both passed on their sticks at the same time.-How are your parents?-TheyYe both fine.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都，Both of them came to see Mary.Both of the books are very interes