2022年教师资格考试中学教育知识能力考点归纳 .docx

精品_精品资料_老师资格考试中学训练学问才能考点归纳3 （ Teacher qualification test, secondary school education, knowledge,competence, test site induction 3）The teacher qualification exam of middle school education knowledge have concluded 3The development of education and the third sectionEducation can cultivate the talent needs of the community, the important point is to see whether it follows the law ofdevelopment of human. Education and human development is themutual restriction relations: on the one hand. Education plays a leading role in the individual's physical and mentaldevelopment process; on the other hand, but also restricts theeducation by law of individual physical and mental development, physical and mental development of individual state education is the basis of behavior.First, the individual physical and mental developmenta the concept of individual physical and mental developmentThe individual physical and mental development refers to the whole life process as a whole in individual complex from thebeginning oflifeto the end oflife.The process ofchanging, especially refers to the physical and mental characteristicsof individuals to change the active. People's physical and mental development includes two aspects:One is the physiological development, also known as the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_physical development. The development of individual body enhancement includingnormal development and physicalbody two aspects. The normal development of an organism in variousorgans, including the healthy growth of various body systems.Itisthe individualphysique conditionand main contents:the normal development of the physical enhancement and help thebody. Twopromote each other,mutual connection,in the actual activities become one.The two is psychologicaldevelopment.Refers to the development of human spirit, including the development of the two aspectsof cognitionand intention.Cognitivedevelopment refersto the development of perception,memory, thinkingand otheraspects of the intentiondevelopment refersto the development of needs, interest, emotion and will etc. The physical development and psychological development are closely linked. Physicaldevelopment is the materialbasis of psychologicaldevelopment,psychological development also affects the development of physiology.two special people's physical and mental development1. people are social people, is developing in a social environmentIn the socialenvironment,not only the existenceof a different nature, and each individual with different degree of contactof variousgroups,but also the existenceof humancreationand creative tools. Individuals only participate in socialpractice.In order to surviveand development,in orderto play to their potential, and into the development of reality.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Has the functionof 2. people'sphysicaland mental developmentPeople have the abilityto understand and transformthe outside world,ithas made people beyond the animal world.People have to understand and transform their abilities. People with self consciousness,to a certainstage of development of people.Has the abilityto plan theirown futureand createconditionsfor future development. The initiative can play better, is animportant factor in the development of a person can reach a higher level.three and the reason that the individual's physical and mental development1. in theoryIn the internal needs of the general emphasis on people'sphysicaland mental development of power is mainly due to their physicaland mental development.The order is determinedby the mechanism of physical and mental maturity. Namely: humanindividual psychological development is completely naturalfactors inherent within the predetermined by the individual, psychological development is the essence of natural factorsaccordingto theirintrinsicpurpose or directionof the show.External conditions can only affect the inherent law of development, but can not change the rhythm. In view of the natural and mature theory, Preformationism, genetic determinism. This view - the positive significance lies in attaching importance to people's internal needs and human inherent development mechanism. Weakness is the one-sided可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_emphasis on the importance of internal factors for individual development, and ignore the external factors that influence people and individual subjective initiative.Mencius is representative of ancient China in theory, hethoughtthathuman nature is good,allthingsare inmy heart, there is the nature of human compassion, shame, humility, isthe four end, this is the root of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom four basic character of the people, as long as the good self-cultivation, seek, these qualities can be developed.AustriapsychoanalyticschoolfounderFreud believesthatthe sexual instinct is the most basic natural instinct, it is topromote the development of human potential, unconscious, the most fundamental reason.The contemporary American sociologist "Wilson biological gene duplication as all the essence of power determines the people.And the American psychologist Gesell stressed the decisive role, mature mechanismfor the development of people he believes that people decided by gene sequence. If you want to pass theexternal education training ability formed in front of themature grab someschedule isinefficientor even futile.Gesell not only that the human body function development program is restricted by the growth rule, and all other abilities,including the growth rule by morality".2. external motivation theoryExternalization theory and in the theory on the contrary, the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_essence of individual psychological development is theenvironmentalimpact ofthe results.The environmentalimpact determines the level and form of individual psychologicaldevelopment. This view is also called the psychologicaldevelopment of environmental determinism, shaping theory or experience theory etc. The basic view of externalizationtheorybelievesthathumandevelopment mainly relyon external forces, stimulation and environmental requirements, such asthe impact of othersand school education.The focus of concernis the externalization of human learning. Learn what and how to learn effectively.Representative of China's ancient evil is Xunzi, he believes that the human factor itself is the need to reform.The British philosopher Rock "white board" is the externalization of a typical representative. He thinks. The human mind is like a whiteboard, which itself has no content. Can anyone apply external forces determines the human development situation.Another representative of the United States is theexternalization ofbehavioralpsychologistat Wahson, he once said: give him a healthy baby, regardless of their ancestors,he can train them to be from the leader to the thief and other types of people. He thinks. Environment and education is the only condition of psychological development. Education is everything.Skinner Wahson inherited the environmental determinism, that a person's behavior and personality can be complicated by the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_external reinforcement or punishment means to cultivate and change, control or correction.3. multi factor interaction theoryAccordingto dialecticalmaterialism,humandevelopment isthe internal factors such as genetic quality, mature bodymechanism and external environment external stimulus intensity and the level of social development and individualcultural background interaction in the individual activities in the. Whois the main practice activity, active participation of the individual, the individual development can not beachieved; subjective and objective conditions in similar circumstances, the extent of individual initiative, has a decisive significance for the development of people.four the general rules of individual physical and mental developmentThe orderof the 1. individualphysicaland mental developmentIndividual physical and psychological development has a certain order in the whole and individual process and characteristics of physical and mental development also has acertainorder.Childrenfrom birthto adulthood,theirphysical and mental development is from low to high and from quantitative to qualitative changesinthe continuousdevelopment process.For example, the physical development follows from top to bottom, from the middle to the limbs, muscles from bones tosequentialdevelopment,psychologicaldevelopment isalways a mechanical memory to memory, thinking from the concrete to可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_abstract thinking, from the general to the passions emotional sense, moral sense, aesthetic and other complex emotions. In the education of teenagers, must follow the concrete to abstract, from the shallower to the deeper. From simple to complex, from a lower level to a higher order. Gradually move forward, not "push them", otherwise it can not receive the desired effect, and even damage their physical and mental.The 2. stage of individual physical and mental developmentIndividuals showed general characteristics of differentphysical and mental development and the main contradiction in different stages of development. Faced with different tasks.This isthe stage of physicaland mental development.Adjacentstages are regularly replaced. During the same period. The development ismainlythe number of changes, aftera periodof development, from quantitative to qualitative change, anddevelopment level has reached a new stage.The age characteristics of physical and mental development of young people is the characteristics of formation in different age stages of development in general, typical and essential.Of course, between the different stages of development are interrelated, a stage affects the next stage of development direction choice, so the life of each stage for humandevelopment.Not only has thisstage significance,but also hasthe meaning of the whole life.The imbalance of 3. individualphysicaland mental development The imbalance,refersto the continuousprocess of development.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_The uniform motion and speed of the physical and mental development of children is not completely consistent with thetime, in different ages, the development speed and level there is obvious difference. Generally, the newborn born first year and adolescent 13, 14 L5, 16 years old, is a two period ofrapid development of physical and mental development ofchildren. Imbalance also refers to the body in the process of children's development and psychological development is not fully coordinated and unified phenomenon. The overalldevelopment of children, isthe psychological maturitybefore physiological maturity. Teenagers on their physicaldevelopment,has been very closeto the adultlevel,and their psychological maturity, but much lower than adults. But in aspecific aspect, there may be psychological ability is notcontrolledby physiologicalmaturityconditions.For example. 3 5 years old children'slanguage abilityand memoryability, are often better than the adult level.A period of development of the different phenomenon fromdifferent aspects of body and mind. More and more psychologists attention. Psychologists put forward the key developmentperiod or the best of the concept. The so-called critical period of development refers to the physical or psychological aspects of a function and ability are the most suitable formation period.During this period, on one aspect of individual training can get the best effect.The complementarity of the 4. individual physical and mental developmentThe complementary relationship of individual physical and可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_mental development of each part, it first refers to a body ofthe functionof damagedor missing,can be compensated by other aspects of supernormal development. If the blind throughhearing, touch, smell and other aspects of the extraordinarydevelopment of compensation. The parts of the body are complementary possible. In the absence of certain aspects of their own can still provide the conditions and environment coordination and continued survival and development.Complementarity exists between psychological andphysiologicalfunction.The emotionalstateof the power of the human spirit, the will, the body can play a regulatory role.To help people overcome the disease and deformity, make body and mind is still developing. On the contrary, if a person'spsychologicalabilityis poor,lackof selfadjustmentability and strong will. So, even if not very serious illness orsuffering will knock him out.Individual differences in individual physical and mental development of 5.Individual differences exist in different levels. From thepointof view, as the firstmanifestationof gender differences. Itis not only the nature of the differences,includinga gender brings the physiological function and social status, roles, communication between groups. Secondly, individualdifferences in all aspects of physical and psychologicalstructure. There is somedifference in the level of development, somedifferences in the psychological features of the way. That is, differences in the individual level of development is notonly due to differences in innate qualities, the inherent可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_functionof the individual.Effectof effortitisaffectedby the environment and the development of the subject in theprocess of development and the levelof self-consciousnessand self choice direction. The difference between individualcharacteristics ofresearchineducation. Educationshould be "individualized", "long lost good save".five education should adapt to the physical and mental development of young children1. education should adapt to the order and the stages of individual developmentEducation must proceed from the actual students for students of different age. Put forward different tasks, take different education contents and methods. According to the actual situation of distinction.Itmust be pointedout that.In orderto adapt to the education and stages of human development.Does not meanthateducationshould give studentsthe existing level of development, or lower educational standards and requirements.Education must constantlyput forwardto accept but higher than its current level of requirements to