2021年6月大学英语四级真题及答案(3套全).pdf
20212021年年6 6月大学英语四级真题（第月大学英语四级真题（第1 1套）套）Part I Writing(30 minutes)Part I Writing(30 minutes)Directions:Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay titledAre people becomingAre people becomingaddicted to technology?addicted to technology?The statement given below is for your reference.You should write atleast 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension(25 minutes)Part II Listening Comprehension(25 minutes)两套听力原文、题目及答案在两套听力原文、题目及答案在2121页开始。页开始。Part III Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Part III Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Section ASection ADirections:Directions:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for eachblank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passagethrough carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2Answer Sheet 2 with a single line throughthe centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Social isolation poses more health risks than obesity or smoking 15 cigarettes a day,according toresearch published by Brigham Young University.The 26 is that loneliness is a huge,if silent,risk factor.Loneliness affects physical health in two ways.First,it produces stress hormones that can lead to manyhealth problems.Second,people who live alone are less likely to go to the doctor 27,to exercise or to eat ahealthy diet.Public health experts in many countries are 28 how to address widespread loneliness in our society.Lastyear Britain even appointed a minister for loneliness.Loneliness 29 almost every one of us at some point,itsminister for loneliness Baroness Barran said.It can lead to very serious health 30 for individuals who becomeisolated and disconnected.Barran started a Lets Talk Loneliness campaign that31 difficult conversations across Britain.He isnow supporting 32 benches,which are public seating areas where people are encouraged to go and chat withone another.The minister is also 33 to stop public transportation from being cut in ways that leave peopleisolated More than one-fifth of adults in both the United States and Britain said in a 2018 34 hat they often oralways feel lonely.More than half of American adults are unmarried,and researchers have found that even among those whoare married,30%of relationships are 35 strained.A quarter of Americans now live alone,and as the song says,one is the loneliest number.A)abruptlyE)dimensionsI)implicationK)severelyM)splittingN)surveyO)touchesB)appointmentsF)friendly J)pushingC)consequencesG)hinderedD)debatingSection BSection BDirections:Directions:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement2021 年 6 月 CET-4 真题及答案第 1 套 1 1/3636H)idiom L)sparkedcontains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is markedwith a letter.Answer the question by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2Answer Sheet 2.What happens when a language has no words for numbers?What happens when a language has no words for numbers?A Numbers do not exist in all cultures.There are numberless hunter-gatherers embedded deep in Amazonia,living along branches of the worlds largest river tree.Instead of using words for precise quantities,these people rely exclusively on terms analogous to“a few”or“some.”In contrast,our own lives are governed by numbers.As you read this,you are likely aware of what time itis,how old you are,your checking account balance,your weight and so on.Theexact(and exacting)numbers we think with impact everything from our schedules to our self-esteem.B But,in a historical sense,numerically fixated people like us are the unusual ones.For the bulk of ourspecies approximately 200,000-year lifespan,we had no means of precisely representing quantities.Whats more,the 7,000 or so languages that exist today vary dramatically in how they utilize numbers.C Speakers of a numeric,or numberless,languages offer a window into how the invention of numbersreshaped the human experience.In a new book,I explored the ways in which humans invented numbers,and how numbers subsequently played a critical role in other milestones,from the advent of agricultureto the genesis of writing.Cultures without numbers,or with only one or two precise numbers,include theMunduruku and Piraha in Amazonia.Researchers have also studied some adults in Nicaragua who werenever taught number words.Without numbers,healthy human adults struggle to precisely differentiateand recall quantities as low as four.In an experiment,a researcher will place nuts into a can one at a time,then remove them one by one.The person watching isasked to signal when all the nuts have beenremoved.Responses suggest that anumeric people have some trouble keeping track of how many nutsremain in the can,even if there are only four or five in total.D This and many other experiments have converged upon a simple conclusion:When people do not havenumber words,they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone likeyou or me.While only a small portion of the worlds languages are anumeric or nearly anumeric,theydemonstrate that number words are not a human universal.E It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively normal,well-adapted to the environs theyhave dominated for centuries.As the child of missionaries,I spent some of my youth living withanumeric indigenous people,the aforementioned Piraha who live along the sinuous banks of the blackMaici River.Like other outsiders,I was continuallyimpressed by their superior understanding of theecology we shared.Yet numberless people struggle with tasks that require precise discrimination betweenquantities.Perhaps this shouldbe unsurprising.After all,without counting,how can someone tellwhether there are,say,seven or eight coconuts in a tree?Such seemingly straightforward distinctionsbecome blurry through numberless eyes.F This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies.Prior to being2021 年 6 月 CET-4 真题及答案第 1 套 2 2/3636spoon-fed number words,children can only approximately discriminate quantities beyond three.We mustbe handed the cognitive tools of numbers before we can consistently and easily recognize higherquantities.In fact,acquiring the exact meaning of number words is a painstaking process that takeschildren years.Initially,kids learn numbers much like they learn letters.They recognize that numbers areorganized sequentially,but have little awareness of what each individual number means.With time,theystart to understand that a given number represents a quantity greater by one than the preceding number.This successor principle is part of the foundationof our numerical cognition,but requires extensivepractice to understand.G None of us,then,is really a numbers person.We are not predisposed to handle quantitative distinctionsadroitly.In the absence of the cultural traditions that infuse our lives with numbers from infancy,wewould all struggle with even basicquantitative distinctions.Number words and written numeralstransform our quantitative reasoning as they are coaxed into our cognitiveexperience by our parents,peers and school teachers.The process seems so normal that we sometimes think of it as a natural part ofgrowing up,but it is not.Human brains come equipped with certain quantitative instincts that are refinedwith age,but these instincts are very limited.For instance,even at birth we are capable of distinguishingbetween two markedly different quantities for instance,eight from 16 things.But we are not the onlyspecies capable of such abstractions.H Compared to chimps and other primates,our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many presume.We even share some basic instinctual quantitative reasoning with distant non-mammalian relatives likebirds.Indeed,work with some other species,including parrots,suggests they too can refinetheirquantitative thought if they are introduced to the cognitive power tools we call numbers.ISo,how did we ever invent unnatural numbers in the first place?The answer is,literally,at yourfingertips.The bulk of the worlds languages use base-10,base-20 or base-5 numbersystems.That is,these smaller numbers are the basis of larger numbers.English is a base-10 or decimal language,asevidenced by words like 14(four+10)and 31(three x 10+one).We speak a decimallanguage because an ancestral tongue,proto-Indo-European,was decimally based.Proto-Indo-Europeanwas decimally oriented because,as in so many cultures,our linguistic ancestors hands served as thegateway to realizations like five fingers on this hand is the same as five fingers on that hand.Suchtransient thoughts were manifested into words and passed down across generations.This is why the wordfive in many languages is derived fromthe word for hand.Most number systems,then,are theby-product of two key factors:the human capacity for language and our propensity for focusing on ourhands and fingers.This manual fixation an indirect by-product of walking upright on two legs hashelped yield numbers in most cultures,but not all.JCultures without numbers also offer insight into the cognitive influence of particular numeric traditions.Consider what time it is.Your day is ruled by minutes and seconds,but these entities are not real in anyphysical sense and are nonexistent to numberless people.Minutes and seconds are the verbal and writtenvestiges of an uncommon base-60 number system used in Mesopotamia millennia ago.They reside in our2021 年 6 月 CET-4 真题及答案第 1 套 3 3/3636minds,numerical artifacts that not all humans inherit conceptually.K Research on the language of numbers shows,more and more,that one of our species key characteristicsis tremendous linguistic(语言的)and cognitive diversity.If we are to truly understand how much ourcognitive lives differ cross-culturally,we must continually sound the depths of our species linguisticdiversity.36.It is difficult for anumeric people to keep track of the change in numbers even when the total is very small.37.Human numerical instincts are not so superior to those of other mammals as is generally believed.38.The author emphasizes being anumeric does not affect ones cognitive ability.39.In the long history of mankind,humans who use numbers are a very small minority.40.An in-depth study of differences between human languages contributes to a true understanding ofcognitive differences between cultures.41.A conclusion has been drawn from many experiments that anumeric people have a hard timedistinguishing quantities.42.Making quantitative distinctions is not an inborn skill.43.Every aspect of our lives is affected by numbers.44.Larger numbers are said to be built upon smaller numbers.45.It takes great efforts for children to grasp the concept of number words.Section CSection CDirections:Directions:There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decideon the best choice and markthe corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2Answer Sheet 2with a single linethrough the centre.Passage OnePassage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Sugar shocked.That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that,50years ago,the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugars rolein heart disease-and put the spotlight（注意的中心）squarely on dietary fat.What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by thefood industry.Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally trackingindustry-funded studies on food.Roughly 90%of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsors interest,Nestletells us.Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.For instance,studies funded by Welch Foods the brand behind Welchs 100%Grape Juice found thatdrinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function.Another,funded by Quaker Oats,concluded,asa Daily Mail story put it,that hot oatmeal（燕麦粥）breakfast keeps you full for longer.Last year,The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists andorganizations promoting a message that,in the battle against weight gain，people should pay more attention to2021 年 6 月 CET-4 真题及答案第 1 套 4 4/3636exercise and less to what they eat and drink.Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of severalmedical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.Its certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,says BonieLiebman,director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest.When the food industry pays forresearch,it often gets what it pays for.And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.Given this environment,consumers should be skeptical（怀疑的）when reading the latest finding innutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed.Rely on health experts whovereviewed all the evidence,Liebman says,pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines which arebased on reviews of hundreds of studies.And that expert advice remains pretty simple,says Nestle.We know what healthy diets are lots ofvegetables,not too much junk food,balanced calories.Everything else is really difficult to doexperimentally.46.What did Harvard scientists do 50 years ago?A.They raised public awareness of the possible causes of heart disease.B.They turned public attention away from the health risks of sugar to fat.C.They placed the sugar industry in the spotlight with their new findings.D.They conducted large-scale research on the role of sugar in peoples health.47.What does Marion Nestle say about present-day nutrition studies?A.They took her a full year to track and analyze.B.Most of them are based on systematic reviews.C.They depend on funding from the food industries.D.Nearly all of them serve the purpose of the funders.48.What did Coca-Cola funded studies claim?A.Exercise is more important to good health than diet.B.Choosing what to eat and drink is key to weight control.C.Drinking Coca-Cola does not contribute to weight gain.D.The food industry plays a major role in fighting obesity.49.What does Liebman say about industry-funded research?A.It simply focuses on nutrition and health.B.It causes confusion among consumers.C.It rarely results in objective findings.D.It runs counter to the public interest50.What is the author s advice to consumers?A.Follow their intuition in deciding what to eat.B.Be doubtful of diet experts recommendations.C.Ignore irrelevant information on their news feed.2021 年 6 月 CET-4 真题及答案第 1 套 5 5/3636D.Think twice about new nutrition researc
