孙广龙文献综述及翻译.doc

文献综叙一、     土木工程的概念土木工程是建造各类工程设施的科学技术的总称，它既指工程建设的对象，即建在地上、地下、水中的各类工程设施，也指所应用的材料、设备和所进行的勘测设计、施工、保养、维修等技术。它是最古老的工程科学，与人类的发展和生存息息相关。土木工程领域涵盖了工程力学、结构工程、工程施工、工程管理、市政工程、防灾减灾与防护工程、岩土工程、桥梁工程等学科，不仅涉及工程学科，还与经济学、人文社科、管理学科交叉。建造工程设施的物质基础是土地、建筑材料、建筑设备和施工机具。借助于这些物质条件，经济而便捷地满足人们使用要求和审美要求，又能安全承受各种荷载的工程设施，是土木工程学科的出发点和归宿。土木工程本身具有四个基本特征：（1）综合性；（2）社会性；（3）实践性；（4）技术，经济，建筑艺术的统一性。“材料，施工，理论”是土木工程的三要素。正是这三要素的相互影响和促进，才有了土木工程的不段发展，而其中又以材料最为关键。砖瓦的出现使得古代的土木工程发生了第一次飞跃；十九世纪中叶，钢材和钢筋混凝土在建筑营造中应用则使近代土木工程发生了革命性的变化，实现了第二次飞跃；至二十世纪中叶，预应力混凝土的发明和广泛使用则是土木工程的第三次飞跃，标志着现代土木工程的开始。二、     土木工程的主要结构土木工程的主要结构有钢结构和混凝土结构。钢结构是由钢筋构件制成的工程结构。构件之间用焊接，螺栓或铆钉连接，与其他结构形式诸如钢筋混凝土结构，木结构和砖瓦结构相比，钢结构在结构形式，构建计算方面，连接的计算与构件处理方面等都有显著的特点。钢结构内在的特征是由其原材料及加工过程决定的。钢结构的特点有：1、强度高，重量轻。与其他材料相比强度要高得多。在同样的荷载条件下，钢结构构件截面小，自重轻，构件重量轻也利于运输和安装。2、材质均匀，可靠性高。钢结构在冶炼和轧制过程中，质量得到严格控制，材质波动范围小。材质组织均匀，接近于各向同性，其实际工作性能与构件计算理论符合较好，所以其可靠性较高。3、塑性韧性好。建筑工程中钢结构所选用的钢材是有很好的塑性，在拉力作用下，应力应变曲线有明显的屈服点和一段屈服平台，然后进入强化阶段。结构在一般工作条件下，不会因为超载而突然断裂。构件采用制造，采用机械化程度高的专业化生产有严格的工艺要求，制造精确度高，周期短。  钢结构以其优越的性能在高层超高层建筑中担当着重要的角色，至1998年，我国已建成的300米以上的建筑有3座，其中2座为钢架加筋混凝土或劲性混凝土核心的结构。  利用水泥掺以极配合理的粗细骨料，加水拌合并浇注在模型之中，经硬化后就可以得到人们需要的各种形状的人工石料混凝土。它的抗压能力较强但抗拉能力较弱，为了克服这个缺陷，人们就自然的想到利用抗拉强度很高的钢筋来弥补。    钢筋混凝土的优点：1、可以就地取材2、耐久性好3、耐火学好4、整体性强5、可模型好三、     建筑结构类型建筑结构主要有框架结构、剪力墙结构、框架剪力墙结构和筒体结构。框架结构是指以钢筋混凝土浇捣成承重梁柱，再用预制的加气混凝土、膨胀珍珠岩、浮石、蛭石、陶烂等轻质板材隔墙分户装配成而的住宅。适合大规模工业化施工，效率较高，工程质量较好。   框架结构由梁柱构成，构件截面较小，因此框架结构的承载力和刚度都较低，它的受力特点类似于竖向悬臂剪切梁，楼层越高，水平位移越慢，高层框架在纵横两个方向都承受很大的水平力，这时，现浇楼面也作为梁共同工作的，装配整体式楼面的作用则不考虑，框架结构的墙体是填充墙，起围护和分隔作用，框架结构的特点是能为建筑提供灵活的使用空间，但抗震性能差。剪力墙结构是用钢筋混凝土墙板来代替框架结构中的梁柱，能承担各类荷载引起的内力，并能有效控制结构的水平力。钢筋混凝土墙板能承受竖向和水平力，它的刚度很大，空间整体性好，房间内不外露梁、柱楞角，便于室内布置，方便使用。剪力墙结构形式是高层住宅采用最为广泛的一种结构形式。框架剪力墙结构与框架结构的主要区别就是多了剪力墙,框架结构的竖向刚度不强,高层或超高层的框架结构建筑更是如此!为了解决这个问题故使用剪力墙。框架-剪力墙结构，又称为框剪结构，它是框架结构和剪力墙结构两种体系的结合，吸取了各自的长处，既能为建筑平面布置提供较大的使用空间，又具有良好的抗侧力性能。框剪结构中的剪力墙可以单独设置，也可以利用电梯井、楼梯间、管道井等墙体。因此，这种结构已被广泛地应用于各类房屋建筑。框剪结构的变形是剪弯型。众所周知，框架结构的变形是剪切型，上部层间相对变形小，下部层间相对变形大。剪力墙结构的变形为弯曲型，上部层间相对变形大，下部层间相对变形小。对于框剪结构，由于两种结构协同工作变形协调，形成了弯剪变形，从而减小了结砍的层间相对位移比和顶点位移比，使结构的侧向刚度得到了提高。水平荷载主要由剪力墙来承受。从受力特点看，由于框剪结构中的剪力墙侧向刚度比框架的侧向刚度大得多，在水平荷载作用下，一般情况下，约80%以上用剪力墙来承担。因此，使框架结构在水平荷载作用下所分配的楼层剪力，沿高度分布比较均匀，各层梁柱的弯矩比较接近，有利于减小梁柱规格，便于施工。筒体结构由框架-剪力墙结构与全剪力墙结构综合演变和发展而来。筒体结构是将剪力墙或密柱框架集中到房屋的内部和外围而形成的空间封闭式的筒体。其特点是剪力墙集中而获得较大的自由分割空间，多用于写字楼建筑。Review of literature narrationOne, the concept of Civil EngineeringCivil engineering is the construction of various types of Engineering Science and technology term, it refers to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water engineering facilities, also refers to the application materials, equipment and carried out the survey and design, construction, maintenance, repair and other technical. It is the oldest Engineering Science, and human survival and development are closely related. Civil engineering field covers the engineering mechanics, structural engineering, construction engineering, engineering management, municipal engineering, disaster prevention and mitigation and protection engineering, geotechnical engineering, bridge engineering, not only relates to the engineering, and economics, humanities and Social Sciences, management discipline.Construction engineering facilities material foundation is land, building materials, construction equipment and construction machinery. With these material conditions, economic and convenient way to satisfy use requirements and aesthetic requirements, and can withstand a variety of loads the engineering facilities of civil engineering disciplines, is the starting point and destination.Civil engineering itself has four basic characteristics: ( 1) comprehensive; ( 2) social practice; ( 3 ); ( 4) technical, economic, architectural unity." Materials, construction, civil engineering theory" is the three elements. It is the three elements of mutual influence and promotion, have no development of civil engineering, and the material is the key. Tile makes the emergence of ancient civil engineering produced first time leap; the middle of the nineteenth Century, steel and reinforced concrete in construction of the modern civil engineering produced revolutionary change, realize the second leap; to the middle of the twentieth Century, the invention of prestressed concrete is widely used in civil engineering and is the third leap, mark modern civil engineering began.In two, the main structure of Civil EngineeringCivil engineering structure steel structure and concrete structure.Steel structure is reinforced by a member made of Engineering structure. Elements are connected by welding, bolt or rivet connection, and other structures such as reinforced concrete structure, structure of wood and brick structure, steel structure in structure calculation, construction, connecting the calculation and component processing have distinct characteristics. Steel structure inner is characterized by its raw material and processing process decision. The characteristics of steel structure are: 1, high strength, light weight. Compared with other material strength is much higher. Under the same loading condition, steel structure cross section of small, light weight, component light weight is favorable for transportation and installation. In 2, the uniform material, high reliability. Steel structure in smelting and rolling process, strict quality control, material of small wave range. Material uniform, near isotropic, its working performance and structure calculation theory is consistent, so its reliability is high. 3, good toughness of plastic. Construction of steel structure of the steel has good plasticity, under the strain, stress - strain curves have obvious yield point and a yield platform, and then enter the strengthening phase. Structure in general working conditions, not because of overload and rupture. Components of the manufacturing, with a high degree of mechanization of the specialized production has strict requirements of the process, manufacture of high precision, short period.Steel structure with its superior performance in high-rise and super high-rise building plays an important role, to 1998, our country has built more than 300 meters of the building block 3, 2 of which is the steel frame reinforced concrete or reinforced concrete core structure.Using cement to match reasonably thick thin aggregate, mixing with water and poured in the model, the hardening can be all kinds of shapes of the artificial stone - concrete. Its compressive ability but lower tensile strength, in order to overcome this shortcoming, people naturally think of using the tensile strength of high reinforced to compensate.Reinforced concrete has the advantages: 1, can obtain raw material locally 2, good durability, refractory to learn 4, 3 overall 5 and strong, can model goodThree, structure typeBuilding structure main frame structure, shear wall structure, frame-shear wall structure and tube structure.Frame structure refers to the reinforced concrete poured into the bearing beam and column, precast aerated concrete, expanded perlite, pumice, vermiculite, Tao rotten lightweight panel wall assembly and residential household. Suitable for large-scale industrialized construction, high efficiency, the quality of the project better.Frame structure by a beam column, component section is smaller, so the frame structure bearing capacity and stiffness are lower, its stress characteristics similar to a vertical cantilever shear beam, the higher floors, the slower the horizontal displacement, high-rise frame in vertical and horizontal direction of the two bear great horizontal force, then, cast-in-place floor also as a beam to work together, the assembled integral type floor effect is not considered, the wall of frame structure filling wall play is, surrounding and separating effect, frame structure is characterized by energy for the building to provide flexible use of space, but poor seismic performance.Shear wall structure with reinforced concrete panels instead of beam column in frame structure, capable of undertaking all kinds of load induced internal force, and can effectively control the structure of the horizontal force. Reinforced concrete wallboard can be subjected to vertical and horizontal force, the stiffness of large space, good integrity, the room but exposed beams, columns edge angle, is convenient for indoor layout, convenient to use. Shear wall structure in high-rise residential form is one of the most widely adopted structural form.Frame shear wall structure and frame structure the main difference is the multiple shear wall frame structure, the vertical stiffness is not strong, high-rise or super high-rise frame structure building is even more so! In order to solve the problem of the use of shear wall. Frame - shear wall structure, also known as the frame shear wall structure, which is of frame structure and shear wall structure two kinds of system combination, absorb the respective strengths, not only for the building layout to provide greater use of space, but also has good resistance to lateral force resistance. Frame shear wall structure in the shear wall can be individually set, can also use the elevator shafts, stairwells, pipe shaft wall. Therefore, this structure has been widely used in various types of housing construction. Frame shear structure deformation is shear bending type. As everyone knows, the deformation of shear type frame structure is relative small deformation, the upper layer, lower layer between the relative deformation. Shear wall structure for bending deformation type, the upper layer of relatively large deformation, the lower layer is relatively small deformation. For frame shear wall structure, the structure of two kinds of collaborative work coordinated deformation, bending and shear deformation is formed, thereby reducing the end cut relative displacement between layers and vertex displacement ratio, so that the lateral rigidity is improved. Horizontal load is mainly composed of shear walls to withstand. From the stress characteristics of frame shear wall structure, due to the shear wall lateral stiffness ratio of lateral stiffness of frame is much larger, under the action of horizontal load, under normal circumstances, approximately above 80% with shear walls to bear. Therefore, the frame structure under horizontal load distribution of story shear force, along the height of the distribution is uniform, the layer of beam column moment is quite close, is beneficial to reduce the beam column specifications, convenient construction.Cylinder body structure is composed of frame - shear wall structure and shear wall structure evolution and development. Cylinder structure is a dense column frame shear wall or to the interior of the housing and a peripheral space formed by a closed cylinder. Its characteristic is the shear wall concentration to obtain greater freedom to divide space, used for office building.