功能学派翻译理论(1)..说课材料.ppt

功能学派翻译理论功能学派翻译理论(1).(1).Introduction The 1970s and 1980s saw a static move away from the linguistic typologies of translation shifts and emergence and flourshing inGermany of a functionlist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation.In this chapter,we look at:Katharina Reisss early work on text type and language function;Justa Holz-Mnttris theory of translational action;Hans J.Vermeers Skopos theory which centered on the purpose of the TT;Christiane Nords more detailed text-analysis model which contunued the functionalist tradition in the 1990s.德国功能学派翻译理论德国功能学派翻译理论德国功能派翻译理论的形成历经四个发展阶段，德国功能派翻译理论的形成历经四个发展阶段，主要包括：主要包括：凯瑟林娜凯瑟林娜赖斯赖斯(Katharina Reiss)的功能主义翻译批的功能主义翻译批评理论评理论汉斯汉斯费米尔费米尔(Hans Vermeer)的目的论的目的论贾斯塔贾斯塔赫兹赫兹曼塔利曼塔利(Holz-Mnttri)的翻译行为的翻译行为理论理论克里斯蒂安克里斯蒂安诺德诺德(Christiane Nord)的功能加忠诚理的功能加忠诚理论。论。Hans Vermeer（汉斯费米尔）Major RepresentativesKatharina Reiss(凯瑟林娜赖斯)Christiane Nord（克里斯蒂安诺德）Justa Holz-Mnttri（贾斯塔赫兹曼塔利）Katharina Reiss Katharina Reiss(1859-1924)was born in Ulm,Germany and died in Renchen,Germany.She married August Berger on May 6,1889.vHer work builds on the views the text,rather than the word or sentence,as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought.(P73)Text Type(P73)Classification of texts as:vPlain communication of facts InformativevCreative composition ExpressivevInducing behavioral responses OperativevAudiomedial textsFunctional characteristics of text types and links to translation methods (P74)informative-expressiveOperative reference work report lecture biography play poemoperating instructionstourist brochureofficial speech satiresermonelectoral speechadvertisementReisss text types and text varietiesSpecific translation methods suggested by her(P75)vThe TT of an informative text should transmit the full referential of conceptual content of the ST.vThe TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST.vThe TT of an operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver.vAudio-medial texts require the“supplementary”method.Intralinguistic criteria:semantic,lexical,grammatical and stylistic features;Extralinguistic criteria:situation,subject field,time,place,receiver,sender and“affective implications”(humour,irony,emotion,etc.).Intralinguistic and Extralinguistic Instruction Criteria(P75)Criticisms of Reisss Work (P76)Fawcett:why there should only be three types of language function;Nord:feeling the need to add a fourth phatic function,covering language that establishes or maintains contact between the parties involved in the communication;Others：how Reisss proposed translation methods are to be applied in the case of a specific text.Justa Holz-Mnttris theory of translational action takes into account practical issues while,at the same time,places the emphasis firmly on the reader of the TT.This means,for example,that things like the source text type may be altered，if it is deemed to be inappropriate for the target culture.(P77)vTranslational action views translation as purpose-driven,outcome-oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter compounds(信息翻译综合体）involving intercultural transfer.Translational Action(P77)A communicative process involves:vThe initiator(翻译的发起者)vThe commissioner(委托人)vThe ST producer(原文生产者)vThe TT producer(译文生产者）vThe TT user(译文使用者)vThe TT receiver(译文接受者)Translatorial action focuses very much on producing a TT that is functionally communicative for the receiver,the ST is analyzed solely for its construction and function profile.Pros and ConsSome scholars praise Holz-Manttaris concept of translatorial action for placing translation within its socialcultural context describing the professional profile of the translator.Meanwhile she also receives criticism for the complexity of its jargon and lack of cultural difference in more detail or in the kinds of terms proposed by the cultural oriented models.Skopos Theory Skopos aim/purpose in 1970sin GermanyHans J.Vermeer(弗米尔）(1930-2010)Purpose of a translation&of the action of translatingHans Vermeer 19302010德国目的学派重要创始人，杰出的语言学家，熟谙十多钟语言。德国美因茨大学和海德堡大学翻译学院教授，长期从事翻译教学研究工作。主要著作有：翻译理论文集（1983）、普通翻译理论原理(1984与其老师Reiss合著)、目的与翻译委任论文集（1989）、翻译目的理论：正论与反论（1996）Skopos Theorymajor work on it:Grundlegung einer allgemeine Translations-theorie Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation普通翻译理论原理Written by Vermeer&Katharina Reiss in 1984 determines translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result the purpose of the translationTT/translatumSkopos theory predates the translational action theory,but it can be considered to be part of Holz-Mnttris theory.So why?Page 79:Skopos theory deals with a translational action which is ST-based,which has to be negotiated and performed,and which has a purpose and a result(Vermeer 1989/2000:221).Therefore，in skopos theory,knowing why an ST is to be translated and what the function of the TT will be are crucial for the translatorNote 4:in page 79&page 199Skopos TheoryBasic underlying“rules”of the theory:in page791.A translatum(TT)is determined by its skopos.2.A TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL.3.A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way.4.A TT must be internally coherent.5.A TT must be coherent with the ST.6.The five rules above stand in hierarchical order,with the skopos rule predominating.Skopos TheoryExplanation for Rule 2s importance:It relates the ST and TT to their function in their respective linguistic and cultural contexts.translatorKey playerbackSkopos TheoryExplanation for Rule 3:The irreversibility indicates that the function of a translatum in its target culture is not necessarily the same as in the source culture.backSkopos TheoryRule 4 and 5：General skopos“rules”concerning how the success of the action and information transfer is to be judged:Coherence rule连贯法则Fidelity rule忠实法则Intratextual coherence语内连贯Intertextual coherence 语际连贯The Coherence Rulethe TT“must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receivers situation”(Reiss and Vermeer 1984:113).TT Coherent TT receiversThe Fidelity RuleThere must be coherence between the translatum and the STthe ST information the interpretation the information that is encodedbackJeremy Mundays Comments on the Skopos TheoryThe hierarchical order of the rules Intertextual coherence(rule5)less important Intratextual coherence(rule 4)subordinate the skopos(rule 1)Skopos TheoryAdvantage:different purposes of the same STdifferent TTsIllustration in page80the commission(1)a goal(2)the conditions under which that goal should be achieved(including deadline and fee)Skopos TheoryThe nature of the TT “is primarily determined by its skopos or commission”,Adequacy comes to override equivalence as the measure of the translational action.(in page 80)Functional adequacy deescribes the relations between the ST and the TT as a consequence of observing a skopos during the translation process.It is functionally and communicatively adequate.A question and a research point for us：DISCUSSION in page 88:How is adequacy is judged,and by whom?Discussion of Skopos TheoryNord and Schaffner Holz-ManttariPage 80 81Vermeer的目的论是在现代语言学（实用语言学、语言行为论和话语语言学）以及接受美学的启发和影响下逐步发展起来的。他突破了Reiss功能对等研究的束缚，借鉴并完善了Holt-manttari的翻译行为论，积极回应各方对目的论的质疑，使该理论逐步深入、成熟。谢天振当代国外翻译理论导读Page157It is a general theory is in fact only valid for non-literary texts.So what about literary ones?Reisss text type approach and Vermeers skopos theory are in fact considering different functional phenomena and cannot be lumped together.Skopos theory does not pay sufficient attention to the linguistic nature of the ST nor to the reproduction of microlevel features in the TT.Jargon such as translatum does little to further translation theory,where workable terms already exist,and that consideration of cultural issues and differences must surely be essential.for more criticisms and Vermeers answers:page 81Translation-oriented text analysis:Christiane Nord(1943-)Text Analysis in Translation(1988/91)翻译中的文本分析 Pays more attention to the features of the ST,i.e.interlink:extratextual factors and intratextual features in the ST(Note 6 in 82)in page 200 Two basic types of translation process Documentary translation(文献性翻译)An instrumental translation（工具性翻译）Documentary translationA document of source culture communication between the author and the ST recipient i.e.In literary translation,TT receiver get access to the idea of ST but is well aware that it is a translationLiteral translation and“exoticizing translation”i.e.Certain culture-specific lexical items in the ST are retained in the TT to maintain the local color of ST.Documentary translationsource culture communication the authorST recipient awarenessAn instrumental translationServes as an independent message-transmitting instrument in a new communicative action in the target cultureIntended to fulfill its communicative purpose without the recipient being aware of reading or hearing a textThe same function for both ST and TT eg:a translated computer manual or software backAn instrumental translationtarget culturecommunicationA new communicative actionfulfill its communicative purposeunawarenessEg:A computer manual or softwareTranslation as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained目的性行为析功能翻译理论上海外语教育出版社Three aspects of functionalist approachesThe importance of translation commissionThe role of ST analysisthe functional hierarchy of translation problemsThe importance of the translation commission page 82The translator needs to compare ST and TT profiles defined in the translation commission.The answer given by Pro.Nord is in page 82-83 with an example to ellaberate.The intended text functionThe addresses(the sender and recipient)The time and place of text receptionThe medium(speech and writing)The motive(why the ST was written and why it is being translated)Case study in page84 is provided for your better understanding.The role of ST analysis(MODELNords list of intratextual factors 文本内因素文本内因素)page 83subject mattercontent:connotation&cohesionpresuppositions 假设假设composition 文本成分文本成分:microstructure&macrostructurenon-verbal elements:illustrations,italicslexic词汇词汇:dialect,register and specific terminologysentence structureSuprasegmental features超语段特征超语段特征:stress,rhythm and“stylistic punctuation”文体上的标点文体上的标点The functional hierarchy of translation problems page 83a)the intended functiondocumentary or instrumental b)After analysis of the translation commission,functional elements are needed to be adapted to the TT addressees situation.c)Translation type decides translation styled)The problems of the text can then be tackled at a lower linguistic levelLooping Model by Nord 源语文化情景源语文化情景源语文化情景源语文化情景 （SC-situationSC-situation）源语文本源语文本源语文本源语文本 （Source TextSource Text）源语文本分析源语文本分析源语文本分析源语文本分析ST AnalysisST Analysis）目标文本目的分析目标文本目的分析目标文本目的分析目标文本目的分析（Analysis of TT Analysis of TT SkoposSkopos）译语文化情境（译语文化情境（译语文化情境（译语文化情境（TC-TC-SituationSituation）译语文本译语文本译语文本译语文本（Target TextTarget Text）与翻译有关的源文成与翻译有关的源文成与翻译有关的源文成与翻译有关的源文成分（分（分（分（Translation-Translation-relevant ST-relevant ST-elementselements）转换转换转换转换（TransferTransfer）目标文本合成目标文本合成目标文本合成目标文本合成（TT SynthesisTT Synthesis）ST analysis:page 85Nord stresses that it doesnt matter which text-linguistic model is used.(p83)What is important is that it What is important is that it includes a pragmatic analysis of includes a pragmatic analysis of the communicative situations the communicative situations involved and that the same model involved and that the same model be used for both ST and translation be used for both ST and translation brief(brief(翻译指令翻译指令),),thus making the thus making the results comparable.results comparable.Pragmatic-oriented analysis:three elementsNon-verbalThe registerof the lexispresuppositionFor details about those elements,you could read more in page 85.Mundays comments:page 83-84 The translation commission analysis follows up Holz-Mnttriswork on the players within the translational action.The intended text functions pursue Reiss and Vermeers skopos,but without giving overall dominance to the skopos.The ST analysis gives due attention to the communicative function and genre features of the ST type and language,but without rigidity of other taxonomies.Nords model,designed for training translators,retains the functional context but includesmore detailed ST analysis.Summary:Chapter 5 1970s-1980s:functionalist and communicative translation theories Translation:Linguistic phenomenonAn act of intercultural communicationin page 87Reiss:text type(why three types?Vermeer:skopos theoryManttari:theory of translational action Nord:translation-oriented text analysisDiscussions in page 87-88小组成员：徐晔 韩露 韩杨 侯敏 兰彩云 刘小玲 张婷婷 吴琼 曹雯 李莉page 199Vermeer(1989/2000:224)states that the skopos can be considered in three ways:the translation process;the translatum itself;the translation mode and intention;A single text may have sections that exhibit various different aim or sub-skopos.Note 6Nords model of ST analysis is based on the so-called New Rhetoric formula,a series of what question(who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?)quoted in Nord(1991:36).结束结束