化学专业英语词汇资料.docx

化学专业英语复习题一：汉翻英络合物 ：complex叔醇：tertiary alcohol始态 initial state氢键：hydrogen energy 活化能：activation energy 支键：branch内能：energy content官能团：functional group可见光：visible light碱金属：alkali metal浓硫酸：concentrated sulfuric 土族元素：main group element 敞开体系：open systemCO2: carbon dioxide KOH：potassium hydroxide 酸酐：acidic anhydride强酸：strong acid质子数：proton number 正反应：forward reaction 蒸气浴：vaporbath质量数：mass number理想气体：idealorperfect gas 放热反应：exothermic reaction 平衡常数：equilibrium constant 过渡元素：transition element连锁反应：chain reaction恒 压 过 程 :constantpressure process生成速率：growth rate原子序数：atomic number稀盐酸：HCL: diluted hydrochloric acid二：英译汉Seed crystal：晶种Litmus paper 石蕊试纸Buchner funnel ：布氏漏斗Carbonyl compound 羰基化合物Monobasic acid ：一元酸Spontaneous process： 自发过程Mother liquor ：母液Evaporating dish：蒸发皿Heat数transfercoefficient：传热系Distilling tube 整流管Simple substance ： 简单物质，单一物质electrophonic substitution 亲电取代Aliphatic acid ；脂肪族酸Indicator：指示剂Enthalpy change 焓变The state of the art 目前工艺水平Intensive properties 强度性质Partial pressure 分压Complex compound 复杂化合物，络合物Forward reaction 正反应Stereochemistry 立体化学Methyl orange 甲基橙Petroleum ether 石油醚Aluminum oxide 氧化铝Basic anhydride 碱酐Parent hydrocarbon 母体经By-product 副产物velocity constant 速度常数Diffusion coefficient 扩散系数1.构成原子最重要的的粒子是质子，中子和电子，原子的质量是由核中质子和中子数近似确定的：The most important constitute atomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons. The total mass of an atom is determined. Very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.2、在元素周期表中,元素的性质是随着原子数周期性变化的，每个周期以活泼的金属元素开始，活泼的非金属结束。从左到右，非金属性逐渐增强，金属性逐渐减弱。In the periodic table ，the nature of elements changed cyclically with atomic number ,each period begins with a very reactive metal right ,elements show decreasing metallic character and increasing metallic character .3当需要在一个官能团化合物的某一个活性选择性的进行反应时， 其他活性基团暂时性的被保护起来。很多保护基已经或正在发展用于这个目的。When a chemical reaction is to be carried out selectively at one reactive site in a multifunctional compound, other reactive sites must be temporarily blocked, many protective groups have been, and are being developed for this purpose.4、常温下，烷烃和浓硫酸，沸硝酸等不发生化学反应。但在光的引发下易发生氯化反应。该反应是一个自由基键反应，包括链引发，链增长，链终止三个步骤。Alkanet is not attached by concentrated sulfuric acid boiling nitric acid at room temperature .but in light initiating askance happens chlorination easily .it s a free radical chain reaction ,including the chain initiating step ,chain growth step ,chain termination step .5、例如：盐酸归为酸，由于已经熟悉作为不同类别的酸的性质，我们就可以知道这一化合物的一般性质。For example:Hcl is classed as an acid , and by becomingfamiliar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class, we are at once aware of general properties of the compound.6、硫酸被碱中和可以形成酸式盐和正盐，若酸中的H 被两种不同的金属原子取代则形成复盐。If H2SO4 is neutralized by an base, acid salts and normal salts may be formed .if the hydrogen atoms in an acid are replaced by two or more different metals, a mixed salt results.7：酸和碱生成盐和水的反应叫做中和反应，若酸和碱部分被中和测形成酸式盐或碱式盐。The reaction of an acid with abases to produce a salt and water is called neutralization. If an acid or a base is neutralized partly, an acid salt on a basic salt will be formed.8：研究以乙醚为溶剂，格式法合成苯甲酸的工艺考察了反应时间，反应温度，物料对比反应得出了最佳工艺条件。We study the technology of preparing the benzoic acid by the Grignard reagentwhich generally use anhydrous as the solvent test the effect of the reaction time .temperature nature obtain the excellent technology .9：研究一贴为催化剂，在 500 摄氏度，NH3 分解为 N2 和 H2 的工艺。考察了反应时间，压力催化剂对反应的影响，并对反应机理做了初步探讨。We study the technology that pure ammonia decomposes into nitrogen and hoofer at 500gin the presence of iron salt the catalyst .test the effect of the reaction time .pressure and catalyst and explore preliminarily the reaction mechanisms.10、有机合成就是通过一个或多个反应？的转化为另外一种物质。也就是一种官能团转化为另一种官能团，由于存在条件合成路线， 因此要综合考虑收率，限制条件费用等因素。Organic synthesis is the preparation of an organic compound from readily available starting materials by the use of one or more reactions.In other words, its a number of reactions that can transform one functional group into another.Because theres more than one synthetic route, we evaluate each synthesis in terms of yield .limitations, expense, and so on.11、格式试剂只有在完全无水和无氧，空气存在时，才能成功的制备，因此进行格式试剂反应时，一定要保证仪器和试剂的无水。Grignard reagents can be prepared successfully only in a completelyanhydrous medium and in an atmosphere that is free of oxygen .therefore ,in carrying out a Grignard reaction .one must take care to dry the apparatus and all of the reagents.12、当系统状态有一个状态转为另一个状态，其内能的变化可以由E=Q+W 得出，其中寝室系统吸收的热，W 是环境对系统的功。When a system changes from one state to another ,the change in internal energy is given by E=Q+W where is a is the heat absorbed by the system and W is the work done on the system .13 实际上没有必要知道每一个 E1，和 E2 的值。始态和终态之间的能量差才是最重要的，并且通常很方便就能测定。Its seldom necessary to know the individual values of energies E1 and E2.the difference in energy between two states is of prime importance and is usually conveniently determined.14根据能量守恒定律，能的形式可以相互转化，淡既不能凭空创造， 也不能凭空消失。Based on the first law of thermodynamics, however energy can neither be created nor destroyed.15、根据热力学第二定律，当G=0 时，体系处于平衡状态。Based on the second law of thermodynamics ,if G is zero ,the system is in a state of equilibrium .一、烷烃特征：-ane 甲烷Methane庚烷Heptane乙烷Ethane辛烷Octane丙烷Propane壬烷Nonane丁烷Butane癸烷Decane戊烷Pentane十一烷Undecane己烷hexane十二烷dodecane二、基团特征：-yl 甲基Methyl庚基Heptyl乙基Ethyl辛基Octyl丙基Propyl壬基Nonyl丁基Butyl癸基Decyl戊基Pentyl十一基Undecyl己基Hexyl十二基Dodecyl三、烯烃特征：-ene乙烯Ethylene，ethene丙烯Propylene，propene丁烯Butylene， butene戊烯Pentene慎用 pentylene己烯hexene四、醇类一般为：基团 + alcohol 或 anol甲醇Methyl alcohol乙醇Ethyl alcohol丙醇Propyl alcohol丁醇Butyl alcohol戊醇Pentyl alcohol己醇Hexyl alcohol五、酰甲酰基Formyl乙酰基Acetyl六、酰胺 amide甲酰胺Formamide乙酰胺AcetamideMethanol Ethanol propanol Butanol pentanol hexanol七、酰亚胺 imide八、醛Aldehyde甲醛Formaldehyde乙醛Acetaldehyde丙醛propionaldehyde九、酮Ketone丙酮Acetone丁酮Butanone十、羧酸Carboxylic acids甲酸Formic acid乙酸Acetic acid丙酸propionic acid十一、 酯Ester乙酸酯，乙酸盐Acetate乙酸乙酯Ethyl acetate乙酸钠Sodium acetate十二、 其它丙烯酸 acrylic acid丙烯酰胺 acrylamide十三、 数字单，一Mono，uni二，双Bi-, bis-, di-三Tri-四Tetra-多Poly十四、 位置正Normal，n-异Iso-Example： Butadiene PolyethyleneForm aldehyde Aldehyde propylaldehydeMonocycle, Bicycle Tricyclenormal hexane isopropyl alcoholpoly(methyl methacrylate) polyacrylamide polytetrafluoroethylene poly（ethylene glycol） 十五、 脂环化合物环Cyclo-环己烷Cyclohexane环己醇Cyclohexanol环氧乙烷ethylene oxide十六、苯 甲苯芳香族Benzene Toluene Methylbenzene（少）二甲苯Xylene dimethyl（少）benzene乙苯Ethylbenzene萘Naphthalene苯基phenyl十七、 主要芳香族衍生物苯乙烯Styrene聚苯乙烯Polystyrene苯酚Phenol酚基phenolic group苯甲酸benzoic acid对苯二甲酸terephthalic acid聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯polyethylene terephthalate, PET十八、 实验室常用词汇烧杯Beaker量筒graduated cylinder measuring cylinde烧瓶Flask三颈瓶three-necked bottle试管Tube天平Balance，scale试剂Reagent化学纯chemically pure, C.P.分析纯analytical reagent, A.R.化学专业英语1. Write the Chinese of the following compounds or phrases (20 points, each 2 points)1) standard electrode potential2)alcoholic solution3)alkaline storage battery4)chemical nomenclature5)methyl vinyl ether6) infraredabsorption spectroscopy7) multimolecular reaction8) nuclearmagnetic resonance9) polymerization initiator10)solubility parameter2. Answer the following questions in English. (16 points, each 8 points)1) Describe the origin of the law “like dissolves like” in a paragraph of 50 words.2) Please list the commonly used methods for the purification of chemical substances (at least 4 methods required).3. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (14 points)1) In nanotechnology, a particle is classified according to size: In terms of diameter, fine particles cover a range between 100 and 2500 nanometers, while ultrafine particles, on the other hand, are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. (4 points)2) The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts, including nitric oxide, hydroxyl, atomic chlorine, and atomic bromine. While there are natural sources for all of these species, the concentrations of chlorine and bromine have increased markedly in recent years due to the release of large quantities of manmade organohalogen compounds, especially chlorofluorocarbons and bromofluorocarbons. (5 points)3) All chemical transformations pass through an unstable structure called the transition state, which is poised between the chemical structures of the substrates and products. The transition states for chemical reactions are proposed to have lifetimes near 10-13 seconds, on the order of the time of a single bond vibration. (5 points)号学名姓级班）系（院线订装2009 2010 学年第 一 学期化学与材料学院（系）07 级应用化学专业专业英语期末试卷题号一二三四每题总分40 分30 分20 分10 分得分改卷教师1. Write the structural formula or Chinese name for each of the following (2% for each answer):（1）barium ion:（2）chlorate ion:（3）potassium ion:（4）carbonic acid:（5）ammonium ion:（6）pyrrole:（吡咯）（7）polystyrene: (聚苯乙烯)（8）p-hydroxybenzoic acid:( 对羟基苯甲酸)（9）benzonitrile (苄腈)（10）critical pressure: （临界压力）（11）methanal:（甲醛）（12）buffer solution :（缓冲溶液）（13）alkali burette:（碱式滴定管）（14）extract ： (萃取)（15）tetrasulfur dinitride: （S4N2）（16）aldose:（醛醣）（17） sodium dihydrogenphosphate (磷酸二氢钠)（18） zinc oxide:（19）6-ethyl-4-methyldecane:（20）quantitative analysis:（定量分析）试卷共 2(2) Dilute the crude reaction mixture with your solvent of choice and transfer to your chosen sep. funnel. Large amounts of material require large amounts of solvent. Normal reactions (50-500 mg of product) can be diluted with between 25100 mL of solvent.(5% for the answer)参考答案：用你所选用的溶剂稀释反应粗产物的混合物，并且转移到你选择的分液漏斗中。大量的材料需要大量的溶剂。正常的反应（50-500 毫克的产品）能用25-100 毫升溶剂稀释。(3) Dry the organic layer. After removing your solution from the aqueous phase, a drying agent is added to remove all traces of water. This is usually MgSO4, more effective and faster, but slightly acidic; or Na2SO4, less effective and slower, but neutral. These compounds bind to any water remaining in the organic solution, forming clumps when they react. A decent amount of drying agent should be added, but as long as some solid is not clumped, no more needsto be added. (6% for the answer)参考答案： 干燥的有机层：从水相中取出溶液后，干燥剂的加入是为了除去遗留下来的水份。通常使用硫酸镁作干燥剂，因为它非常有效而且吸水很快，但是 略带酸性，或者也可以用硫酸钠，只是效益比较和速度比较慢，但是中性的。这些 化合物会和有机溶液中的水相结合，当它们发生反应时就会形成团块。应该有足够 量的干燥剂被加入，但是只要一些固体不会形成团块，就不需要再加入更多的干燥 剂。(4) Distillation is an extremely useful technique that is used to purify reagents and separate crude product mixtures. There are two varieties of distillation atmospheric pressure and reduced pressure. (4% for the answer)(5)参考答案：蒸馏是一个非常有用的技术，用于分离纯化试剂和粗产品的混合物。 一般有两种蒸馏方法：常压蒸馏和减压蒸馏试卷共 2