形容词性从句定语从句.doc
优质文本第二章定语从句the attributive clause关系代、副词用法助记歌诀。关系词,引定从,各自用法要分清。That可作主、宾用,指人或物它都行;Which用来指物用,主语、宾语它都行。Who或whom 指人用,分作主、宾要分清。Whose一词作定语,定人或物都管用。As用作主或宾,修饰全局或局部。Such,the same常连用,固定搭配要记清。关系副词作状语,功能单一最好用。指时间,选用when,指地点,where行,why指原因中选中。关系词,容易用,从句之中定功能。注:who在定语从句中既可作主语,也可作宾语尤其在口语中。学习定语从句,首先有必要弄清楚一下几个概念和术语:1、 什么事定语从句?在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,作定语的从句叫做定语从句。通俗地讲,在句中作定语的句子就是定语从句。这个句子不能独立存在,它是用来修饰先行词的,因此,它作为修饰成分而存在。由于定语从句起的是形容词作用,因此,这种从句也可以称为形容词性从句。2、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句分别是什么意思?英语中的定语从句共有两大类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。对先行词起修饰和限制作用的定语从句是限制性定语从句,它是先行词在意义上不可或缺的定语。如果去掉,主语的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主语之间的关系十分密切,在形式上不用逗号和主句隔开。对先行词起补充或解释说明作用的定语从句是非限制定语从句,它只是先行词的附加成分。如果去掉,主句的意思仍然完整、清楚。这种从句和主句之间的关系不密切,在形式上常用逗号和主句隔开。3、什么事先行词?被定语从句修饰的名词或代词,就叫先行词。定语从句是用来修饰先行词的,但不像汉语中的定语总是放在被修饰词之前,定语从句要放在先行词之后,作后置定语。一个句子中如果出现了定语从句,肯定有先行词。没有哈姆雷特的?王子复仇记?是不存在的!有时候,定语从句没有紧紧跟在先行词之后,而是被其他成分及先行词隔开了,这是定语从句及先行词的别离现象。4、关系代词、关系副词是什么意思?定语从句需要有一个词引导,这个词可能是代词,也可能是副词。引导定语从句的代词或副词,就叫关系代词或副词。它是定语从句的标志词,位于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用、替代先行词的作用,同时又在定语从句中作一种句子成分。关系代词或副词可以统称为关系词,这样更容易记忆。弄清关系代词或关系副词的用法是学习定语从句的关键,也是定语从句学习的核心内容。第一局部课堂语法第一招:学会关系代、副词的根本用法以及它们的用法比拟。1、关系代词6个That“事物或“人,从句中作主语或宾语。Which“事物,从句中作主语或宾语。Who“人,从句中作主语或宾语。Whom“人,从句中作宾语。Whose“人或“事物,从句中作定语。As“事物,从句中作主语、宾语或表语。绝招出手:找准先行词,判定它是指“人,还是指“事物。把先行词放入其后的定语从句中,看一看它在从句中作什么句子成分。然后根据已经掌握的关系代词的用法选定。2、关系副词3个When “时间,从句中作时间状语,先行词一般为时间的名词。Where“地点,从句中作地点状语,先行词一般为表示地点的名词。Why“原因,从句中作原因状语,先行词一般为表示原因的名词reason.绝招出手1:找准先行词,判定它是表示“时间“、“地点,还是表示“原因。看看其后的定语从句中是否缺少时间、地点或原因状语。如果缺少此类状语,就根据关系副词的用法选择相应的关系副词引导该从句。如果不缺状语,就要考虑选择适宜的关系代词引导该从句。绝招出手2找准先行词,判定它是表示“时间、“地点、还是表示“原因。把先行词放入其后的定语从句中,看一看它在从句中是否作时间、地点或原因状语。然后根据关系副词的用法选定。如果它们在从句中是作状语,就选择相应的关系副词引导该从句。如果它们在从句中不作状语,就要考虑选择适宜的关系代词引导该从句。3、关系代、副词用法比拟。That和which之异同。Who和whom之异同Who和that之异同。Which和as之异同。第二招:学会解决定语从句应该注意的特殊问题。1、 主谓一致2、 防止重复3、 限制性及非限制行定语从句的区别。4、 That引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别。5、 非限制性定语从句和并列句的区别。6、 That或who用语强调句型和that或who引导主语从句的区别。第一讲 第一招之一:学会正确使用关系代词。一、 掌握关系代词的根本用法引导定语从句的关系代词共有六个:that,which,who,whom,whose和as.能够牢固掌握这六个关系代词的用法是正确使用关系代词的根本。即,这六个关系代词分别指代的是什么人或事物、在定语从句中作什么成分。分为三组逐一突破。第一组:that和which.1、that指“事物,有时也可指“人,咋从句中作主语或宾语。2、which指“事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。指点迷津:1、这里的that或which所指的“事物或“人,实际上指代的就是先行词,即先行词是表示“事物或“人的名词或代词。2、关系代词所指的“事物或“人可以这样理解:关系代词要么“指人,幺么指“人以外的事情、事物、动物或其他,总之是指“非人。因此。我们可以说关系代词指“人及“非人两种,这样更容易判定关系代词的所指。3、在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that或which可以省略。但是,作主语时,关系代词that或which不能省略。精彩讲解:1划出现行词:主句中的划线局部。2找出定语从句:方括号内的内容。3划出关系代词,说出它们的用法:定语从句中划线局部是引导该从句的关系代词。That 和which 的用法。1I dont like the white car (that/which is standing is front of our building now.先行词the white car 指“物,在定语从句中作主语,因此用that或which引导该从句。我不喜欢现在停放在我们的楼前的那辆白汽车。2this book is not the one(that/which) I lent you last week.先行词the one指“物book,在定语从句中作lent 的宾语,因此用that 或which引导该从句,that或which也可以省略。这本书不是我上星期借给你的那本书。3who is the man(that) you shook hands with just now?先行词 the man 指“人,在定语从句中作介词with的宾语,因此用that引导该从句,that也可以省略。4a chemists shop is a shop which/that sells medicine.先行词a shop指“物,在定语从句中作主语,因此用that或which引导该从句。药店是卖药的商店。(5)the film that/which I saw at dongfanghong cinema yesterday is titanic.先行词the film指“物,在定语从句中作saw的宾语,因此用that 或which引导该从句,that或which也可以省略。我昨天在东方红剧院看的那部电影是?泰坦尼克?。当堂小结。共同指出:它们都可用来指“事务,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略在限制性定语从句中。不同之处:That 可以“指人,相当于who或whom,,which只能指“事务。第二组:who,whom或whose.1、 who指“人,在从句中作主语或宾语。2、 whom,指“人,在从句中作宾语。3、 whose指“人,也可指“事物,在从句中作定语。指点迷津:1、 这里的who、whom或whose所指的“人或“事物,实际上指代的就是先行词,即先行词时表示“人或“事物的名词或代词。2、 在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词who或whom可以省略。但是,作主语或定语时,关系代词who或whose不能省略。Who,whom和whose.用法精彩讲解:1 划出先行词:主句中的划线局部。2 找出定语从句:方括号里面的内容。3 划出关系代词:说出它们的用法:定语从句中划线局部是引导该从句的关系代词。 (1)the new teacher who teaches you English is Mr huang.先行词the new teacher,指“人,在定语从句中作主语,因此用who引导该从句。也可以用that引导该从句。教你们英语的那位老师是黄老师。(2)The teacher (who/whom) I met in the school this morning is our new English teacher.先行词the teacher 指“人,在定语从句中作met宾语,因此用who或whom引导该从句,who或whom也可以省略。也可以引导该从句。今天上午我在学校遇见的那位老师是我们的英语老师。(3)Wei fang is the girl whose Chinese is the best in our class.先行词the girl指“人,在定语从句中作chinese的定语,即the girls Chinese.因此用whose引导该从句。魏芳是我们班上汉语最好的女孩。当堂小结:共同指出:1 它们都可以用来指“人。2 Who和whom在定语从句中都可作宾语,还可以省略在限制性定语从句中。但是,用who的时机较多,whom主要用于书面语中。3 第一组中的关系代词that也可以指“人,但是有who或whom时,最好不用that,因为who或whom是专门用来指“人的。不同之处:Whom在定语从句中只能作宾语。Whose指“人或“事物,在定语从句中只能作宾语。第三组:asAs指“事物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。指点迷津:1、这里的as所指的“事物,实际上指代的就是先行词,即先行词是表示“事物的名词或代词。不过,as所代替的先行词可能是一个词语,也可能是整个主句或主句的一局部。2、as引导定语从句时,多和such或the same连用。更通俗地讲,如果先行词被such或the same修饰或先行词是such 或the same时,一般用as引导定语从句。3、在限制性定语从句中,as引导的从句可以放在句首、句中或句尾。唯独as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,出现在先行词之前,其他定语从句全都放在先行词之后。As 用法1、 划出先行词:主句中的划线局部。2、 找出定语从句:方括号里面的内容。这种从句有明显的标志,即as引导。3、 划出关系代词,说出它们的用法:定语从句中划线局部as是引导该从句的关系代词。Lets discuss only such questions (as concern every one of us).先行词questions被such修饰,指“事物,在定语从句中作主语,因此用as引导该从句。咱们只讨论关系到我们每个人的问题吧。(2)There was a look of fear in her eyes,such as you had never seen before.先行词such指前面提到的“a look of fear,在定语从句中作had never seen的宾语,因此用as引导该从句。As,不能省略。她的眼中有一种恐惧的表情,就是你以前从未见过的那种眼神。3i have the same nodern flat as you (have).先行词flat被the same 修饰,指“物“,在定语从句中作宾语,因此用as 引导该从句。As 不能省略。我有和你一样的现代化公寓。(4)i feel the same as you do.先行词the same指事“,在定语从句中表语,因此用as引导该从句。我和你感觉的一样。(5)、david ,as you know ,has not been well recently.David has not been well recently,,as you know.As you know,david has not beeen well recently.先行词是整个主句“david has not been well recently,指事物“,在定语从句中作know宾语,因此用as引导该从句。这时,as引导的非限制性定语从句放在句首、句中或句末都可以。戴卫,你们都知道,最近身体不好。小结:1、as引导限制性定语从句时,从外表特征上很容易识别出来。因为往往看到先行词是such或the same或先行词被such或the same修饰时,马上就会想起such()as 或the same as.即,看到主句中有关键信息such,the same时,考虑选用as引导定语从句往往是正确的。The same.as和the same.that.之比拟。(1) the girl is wearing the same skirt as she wore yesterday.2the girl is wearing the same skirt that she wore yesterday.As表示“同样的,用that表示“同一的。这两句子句意不同。1 这个女孩穿着和昨天穿的一样的裙子。两件相同的裙子2 这个女孩穿着昨天穿的同一件裙子。同一件裙子2、as 引导非限制定语从句时,它及其他关系代词的最大区别是:As代替的先行词可以是整个主句或主句的一局部。它引导的定语从句可以放在句首。3、as引导非限制性定语从句所构成的固定说法有以下几种:As has been said before.如上所述As is well known众所周知。As we can see.如中所知。As may be imagined.如大家所想。As is announced in the papers.据报称。As has been pointed out.如所指出的那样。As anybody can see.如众所知。As was expected.如所预料。二、 正确使用关系代词六个关系代词混合放置 1I dont like the book whose cover is all black.先行词the book 指“物,在从句中作定语,因此用whose引导该从句。(2)the boys that/whom/who I used to play with in my childhood have all grown up.先行词the boys指“人,在从句中作宾语,因此用whom/who/that引导该从句,关系代词也可以省略。3did you recognize the man who/that brought you a present just now?先行词the man指“人,在从句中作主语,因此用who/that引导该从句。4the earth is not flat,as is known to us all.先行词是整个主句,在从句中作主语,因此用as引导该从句。5this is not the pen which/that I wrote the letter with just now.先行词the pen指“物,在从句中作宾语,因此用that/which引导该从句,关系代词也可以省略。6dont make the same mistake as you made in the last exam!先行词mistake被the same 修饰,指“事物,在从句中做宾语,因此用as引导该从句。7the parents whose child was lost have been worried all the time.先行词the parents指“人,在从句中作定语,因此用whose引导该从句。(8) the computer which/that loos very small is made up of thousans of small parts.先行词the computer 指“物,在从句中作主语,因此用which/that引导该从句。(9) the doctor whom/who/that I said hello to is going abroad for further study.Whom/who/that.先行词the doctor指“人“,在从句中作宾语,因此用whom/who/that引导该从句,关系代词也可以省略。10the little bird that/which I bought in the market died this morning.先行词the little bird指“动物“,在从句中作宾语,因此用that/which引导该从句,关系代词也可以省略。指点迷津:找准先行词,判定它是指“人还是指事物“。把先行词放入其后的定语从句中,看它在从句中作什么句子成分。然后根据已经掌握的关系代词的用法选定。必须把先行词放入定语从句中来分析它的作用:指什么,作什么成分。如果跑开了定语从句去考虑关系代词的用法,肯定是选不对的,犹如“缘木求鱼!。犯silly mistake.关系代词运用。可供选择的关系代词有:that、which、who、whom、whose、as1I dont like the book whose cover is all black.先行词是the book,指的是“物。放入定语从句中,从句变为“the book cover is all black.。分析句子成分可以看出先行词在从句中作cover的定语,即the books cover.至此,我们得到的关键信息是:先行词指物“,作定语。接着,我们根据关系代词的用法whose 也可指“事物,在从句中作定语。可知该题选用whose.我不喜欢这本封面全是黑色的书。2the boys whom/who/that I used to play with in my childhood have all grown up.先行词是the boys,指的是“人。放入定语从句中,从句变为“I used to play with the boys in my childhood.分析句子成分可以看出先行词在从句中作play with 的宾语。至此,我们得到的关键信息是:先行词指人“,作宾语。我们根据关系代词的用法whom指人“,在从句中作宾语。可知选whom.我们还可以根据关系代词的用法who指“人:。在从句中作主语或宾语。或“that有时也可指人“。在从句中作主语或宾语。可知该题还可以选用who或that.也可以省略关系代词,因为它在定语从句中作宾语。童年时代我常和他们一起玩耍的那些男孩子都已经长大了。3did you recognize the man who/that brought you a present just now?先行词是the man,指的是“人“。放入定语从句中,从句变为the man brought you a present.分析句子成分可以看出先行词在从句中作主语。至此,我们得到的关键信息是:先行词指“人,作主语。我们根据关系代词的用法“who指人“。在从句中作主语或宾语。或that有时也可指人“,在从句中作主语或宾语。可知该题应该选用who或that.不过,选who为最正确。4the computer which/that loos very small is made up of thousands of small parts.先行词是the computer .指的是“物“。放入定语从句中,从句变为the computer looks very small.分析句子成分可以看出先行词在从句中作主语。至此,我们得到的关键信息是:先行词指“物“,作主语。接着,我们根据关系代词的用法that指事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。或“which指事物“。在从句中作主语或宾语。可知该题应该选用that 或which.这台看起来很小的电脑是由数千个小零件组成的。小结:认准先行词在定语从句中的作用,记准关系代词的根本用法,在定语从句中确定关系代词的作用。因为关系代词代替的是先行词,判断准先行词在定语从句中的作用就等于选对了关系代词。三、关系代词的用法区别。1、that和which的异同。相同之处:它们都可用来指“事物“,在限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语,可以通用。作宾语时还可省略。不同之处:(1)that还可以指“人“,相当于who或whom,which只能指事物“。2which可以引导非限制行定语从句,that那么不可。(3)which指代的先行词可以是整个句子或句子的一局部,that 那么不可。(4)which可以用语“介词+关系代词“引导定语从句,that那么不可。5that可以用作关系副词,which 那么不可。(6)在限制性定语从句中,关系代词作主语或宾语时,有八种场合一般只能用that,而不用which引导定语从句。这里所说的只能用that是针对which而言的,即that或which争夺引导词的问题。这八种场合需要谙熟于心,遇到这种特殊问题时就会派上用场。领先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时;领先行词是不定代词all、much、little、none、anything、everything、nothing、the one或数词时不过,先行词是指“人“的复合不定代词everyone、everybody、anyone时,应用who;先行词是指人“的代词one时,也用Who领先行词被any、no、all、little、few、much、the only(唯一的)、the very(正是那个)、the same(同一个)、one of等修饰时但先行词指“人“作主语时也可用用who如果疑问句中出现疑问代词who、what或which时,如果一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个用了which引导,另一个用that为宜。领先行词指“人“和“事物两局部且被看作紧密相连的整体或经常一起出现时;领先行词在从句中作表语时that经常省略领先行词时表示方式的词the way时(that常常省略)。That和which的异同(1)i dont like the job that/which needs patience and speed,llik typing .(2)he married again ,which surprised every one of us.(which不可换为that).(3)this is the old house in which the famous writer was born.(which不可换为that)(4)here is nothing that can make us interested in.(5)there is only a little left (that)I can do for you by myself.(6)he died like the hero(that) he was(7)we must do something to change the way (that)we live in order to protect the environment.2、who和whom异同相同之处:它们都是用来指“人。在限制性定语从句中可作宾语,还可以省略。但是,用who的时机较多,whom主要用于书面语中。不同之处:1whom在定语从句中只能作宾语。Who除了作宾语,还可以作主语。(2) whom可以用于介词+关系代词“引导定语从句,who那么不可。Who及whom的异同(1) how did you spend money to a man who/whom you dont know at all?(2) She is a person with whom I have quite a lot in common.whom不可换为who(3) I was the only one who was invited to the dancein our office(who不可换位whom)3、who和that的异同相同之处:它们都可用来指“人,在限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。不过,指“人时,最好用who.不同之处:1 who引导非限制性定语从句,that那么不可。2 其它不同之处可参阅that和which的异同。Who 和that的异同。(1) the woman who/that is fit for the job has been found.(Who最正确,that正确)(2) johm is a postman ,who comes here every other day.(who 不可换位that)(3) Who is the beautiful girl that is wearing dark glasses over there?(that 不可换为who).4、 which 和as的异同相同之处:它们都可用来指“事物,引导非限制性定语从句。1 和such或the same连用时,常用as2 which可以用于介词+关系代词“引导定语从句,as那么不可。3 在非限制性定语从句中,as引导的从句可放在句首,as指代的先行词可以是整个主句或逐句的一局部,which 那么不可。4 在非限制性定语从句中用作主语时,as后常跟系动词,它所述的信息是旧信息或为人熟知的信息。Which后常跟驱使动词,它所表述的信息是新信息。1 she has the same problem as you (have)(as 不能换为which)2 as has been said many times,English grammar is very important.as不能换为which3 the road was narrow,which made it difficult to drive.(which不能换为as)4 she was late for school again ,as was usual with her.(as 不能换为which).四、稳固性练习In fact the man didnt understand the three questions which were asked in French.先行词是the three questions,指“事物,在从句中作主语。Can you tell me the name of the factory(that/which)you visited last week?先行词是the factory,指“事物,在从句中作visited的宾语。He is a model worker,who can much can be learned from.先行词是a model work,指“人,在从句中作介词from宾语。That 不能引导非限制性定语从句。All is fish that comes to his net.先行词all,指“动物,在从句中作主语。领先行词是不定代词all时,如果它在定语从句中作主语或宾语,应该用that引导该从句。As has been announced,we must hand in our term papers before the tenth of june.先行词是后面的整个主句,指“事,在从句中作主语,。只有as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句首。She is not the kind of woman who I think would like to help others.先行词是woman,指“人,在从句中作主语,I think为插入语,起一定干扰作用,误认为关系代词作think 宾语。最好的方法是,讲插入语去掉,简化句子结构,这样便一目了然;从句缺少的是主语,而不是宾语。Is this company the one your father worked in two years age?先行词the one,指“事物,在从句中作介词in的宾语,先把它复原为陈述句“this company is your father worked in two yeas ago.(不能复原为this is company your father worked in two years age.。因为company是可数名词,其前没有冠词、代词等修饰词是错误的。复原为陈述句后,经过观察,我们找不到先行词。先行词不存在,定语从句也就不存在了。让我们吧先行词加上去,句子变为this company is the company. Your father worked in two years age.加上先行词后,the company和前面的this company重复了,所以用one代替前文提到的单数可数名词,这时先行词变为the one。有了先行词就有法做题了,先行词在从句中作介词in的宾语。应该用that或which引导该从句,作宾语的关系代词可以省略。Where在从句中不能作介词的in 的宾语。Do you have anything (that) you dont understand in this lesson ,boys and girls?先行词是anything,指“事“,在从句中作understand的宾语,先行词是不定代词,anything,不能选which.Do you live in the room whose window is broken?先行词the room,指“事物“,在从句中作定语,即the rooms window.Id like to borrow the same novel as jim borrowed just now,miss?先行词是novel,指“事物,在从句中作borrow的宾语。先行词由the same 修饰时,用as引导定语从句。如果用that,语法正确,而汉意却又语病。“小姐,我想借刚刚吉姆借的一本小说。这是同一本小说,既然吉姆已经借走了,你又怎能再借呢?用as,时句意是“小姐,我想借跟刚刚吉姆借的同样的一本小说。“。同样的小说有假设干本,即使吉姆已经借走了一本,还有可能再借出。二用适当的关系代词填空1、this is the best film that has been shown this year.先行词film指“物,其前有形容词最高级the best修饰,在从句中作主语,不能用which.2、here is the pen that/which you lost yesterday.先行词the pen指“物,在从句中作lost的宾语,因此用that/which引导该从句,that/which也可以省略。3、she was the only girl who/that knew the secret of the caves.先行词girl指“人,其前有the only修饰,在从句中作主语,因此用who/that引导该从句。领先行词指“人在从句中作主语或宾语时,尽管其前有特殊的词语修饰,也不受“只能用that而不能用which这一条款的限制,因为这一条款是针对that和which之争时规定的。4、the man who/that once lived in this house was a great man.先行词the man 指“人,在从句中作主语,因此用who/that引导该从句。5、i want you to pass me the cup whose handle is broken.先行词the cup指“物,在从句中作定语,即the cups handle.,因此用whose引导该从句。6、who is the boy that runs fastest in your class?先行词the boy指“人,在从句中作主语,前面已经有了特殊疑问代词who,因此用that引导该从句,以免重复或引起歧义。7、he