中考英语复习 被动语态 讲义.docx

第十讲 被动语态问题层级图：目标层级图：考点剖析英语的语态主要分为主动语态和被动语态，被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示主语是动作的承受者。【引入】They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)动作的发出者：_，在句子中做_成分动作的承受者：_，在句子中做_成分A new bridge will be built over the river by them. (被动)动作的发出者：_，在句子中做_成分动作的承受者：_，在句子中做_成分一、 被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，其时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也是如此。主动语态变被动语态口诀：宾语提前主语变，原主变宾by后见，时态人称be关键一般现在时的被动：am/is are+ done一般过去时的被动：was/were+ done一般将来时的被动：will be+ done; am/is/are going to be+ done现在完成时的被动：have/has been+ donebe变done不变二、 主动语态和被动语态的转换1. 大多数“主谓宾”的主动句都可转化为被动句，转换规则为：将原来主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，将原来主动语态的谓语形式变为被动语态的谓语形式。e.g., a. This factory produces these kinds of models.b. These kinds of models _ in this factory. are produced2. 如果原来的主动句带有情态助动词或半助动词，在变为被动句时，情态助动词或半助动词不变，随后的主要动词变为被动语态。e.g., a. They must do their homework first.b. Their homework _ first. must be done拓展：3. 当主动句变为被动句时，如果需要强调施动者，可将原句的主语（即施动者）置于by短语中表示出来。e.g., a. The teacher asked him to sing a song.b. He was asked to sing a song _. by the teacher4. 当主动句含有“双宾语（主谓宾-宾）”结构时，变为被动句，可以有两种形式：一种是以间接宾语作为主语；一种是以直接宾语作为主语。e.g., a. Father gave mea book as a present at Christmas.b. I _ as a persent at Christmas. was given a bookc. A book _ as a present at Christmas. was given to me5. 如果主动句是“主谓宾-宾补”的结构时，变为被动句时，原来的宾语变作主语，原来的宾补变成主补。e.g., a. We called the boy Tom.b. The boy _. was called Tom6. 含有短语动词（speak to, look after等），感官动词（see, hear, watch, feel等），使役动词（make, let, have等）的主动语态变为被动语态时，原先短语动词后跟的介词、副词不可省略；原先感官动词、使役动词后省略的to要加上。e.g., a. We should speak to the old politely.b. The old _ politely.should be spoken toe.g., a. His father made him clean the room.b. He _ the room by his father.was made to clean三、 不用被动语态的几种形式1.open, write, read, sell, wash等词作为不及物动词时，它们的主动形式表示被动之意。e.g., a. The flower smells sweet.b. The watch looks good.c. This kind of book sells well.2. 当主动句的宾语是eachother或反身代词时，不能用被动语态。e.g., The boy can teach himself.3. 当主动句的谓语动词表示一种状态或不及物动词时，不能用被动语态。e.g., a. The coat fits her very well.b. The accident happened last night.【练一练】1. -What languages _in that country?-German and EnglishA.are speaking B.are spoken C.speak D.is spoken2.The child without parents _good care of by his teachers in this special school.A.is taken B.are taken C.take D.takes3.As the curtain_,the famous singer came out. The fans _and screamed with excitement .A. was raised ; rose B.rose; were raisedC. had been raised; were raised D. had risen; raised5.A football match _between Class Two and Three tomorrow afternoon.A is held B. was held C.must be held D. will be held6. Keeping pet dogs teaches us how to be responsible in our daily life.（改为被动语态） We _ _ how to be responsible in our daily life by keeping pet dogs. 7. Marys desk-mate chose that pair of trousers because of its design.（改为被动语态） That pair of trousers _ _ by Marys desk-mate because of its design. 8. The community will build more parking places to meet the increasing needs.（改为被动语态） More parking places will _ _ to meet the increasing needs.【小总结】一、 被动语态的形式与意义：（10分钟）被动语态形式意义be + done强调动作本身和动作的承受者，避免提及或不知晓动作的执行者时间形式现在过去将来过去将来一般式am/is/are + donewas/were + donewill be + donewould be + done进行式am/is/are being + donewas/were being + done完成式have/has been + donehadbeen + donel 练习：判断下列句子是否使用被动语态，如果是，请识别出是哪个时态的被动语态。1. Alex is worried about the result of the competition. 2. Please keep off the door. It has just been painted.3. The book will be translated into English soon.4. It is said that he has stolen the money. 5. He is so interested in this book that he reads it every day.6. The classroom is being cleaned now.7. Joe said that the books would be given away to the kids in poor areas.8. They are disappointed at the news. 9. The watch was being packed when he was waiting outside.10. Cameras and pets are not allowed to taken into the museum. 答案：1. 不是(系表结构) 2. 是(现在完成时被动)3. 是(一般将来时被动) 4. 是(一般现在时被动)5. 不是(系表结构)6. 是(现在进行时被动)7. 是(过去将来时被动) 8. 不是(系表结构)9. 是(过去进行时被动) 10. 是(一般现在时被动)二、 主动形式表达被动含义的词或结构：（15分钟）例词、结构例句want/need/require + doingThe kids need looking after. (孩子们需要照料。)The window requires repairing. (窗户需要修理。)be worth + doingThe movie is worth watching twice. (这部电影值得看两遍。)wash, cut, burn, sell, read, cook, lock, draw, write, shut, start, wear等及物动词表示事物的性质时The cloth washes well. (这种布料很耐洗。)The pen writes smoothly. (这支笔很好写。)The pair of glasses wears comfortably. (这副眼镜戴起来很舒服。)look, sound, smell, taste, feel作感官动词使用时The water feels cold. (这水摸上去很冷。)The chicken tastes delicious. (这鸡肉尝起来很好吃。)形容词作表语之后+不定式的主动形式(含有被动含义)The subject is difficult to study. (这个科目比较难学。)The desk is heavy for you to move. (桌子太沉，你搬不动。)l 练习：单项选择。1. Since the new speed limits_, the number of accidents in the area has fallen strikingly.A. are introducedB. introducedC. were introducedD. have been introduced2. It _ in the library regulations that any book should be returned by due time, or the borrower will be fined.A. is requiredB. requiresC. has introducedD. was required3. We all think Mr. Smith should be given a new house if more new houses _.A. builtB. will be builtC. are builtD. have been built4. The music in the supermarket _ so noisy that I wanted to leave at once.A. soundsB. soundedC. is soundedD. was sounded5. The pants need _ before you can wear it again.A. washingB. to washC. be washedD. be washing6. He _ some advice, but he _ to them.A. gave, didnt listenB. was given, wasnt listenedC. gave, wasnt listenedD. was given, didnt listen7. The book of short stories _ well.A. is soldB. sellsC. sellD. have sold8. Classical books are worth _ again and again.A. to be readB. being readC. being readingD. reading9. The fish is not good enough for us _. A. to eatB. to be eatenC. to be eatingD. eaten10. The shirt Bob wore at the party last night _ fashionable. A. was lookedB. was lookingC. looksD. looked答案：CACBADBDAD三、 不能用作被动语态的动词：（10分钟）表示状态或性质类的动词become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, exist, fit, fail, have, lack, last(持续), mean, seem, suit, look like某些不及物动词或短语appear, agree with, belong to, die, disappear, happen, take place, lie, occur, rise, break out, consist of, keep up with, lose heart等l 练习：用所给词的适当形式填空。1. The Great Britain _ (consist of) four parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.2. Although he _ (not, agree with) you on the plan, he didnt withdraw the fund.3. Great changes _ (take place) in China in the past five years. 4. An earthquake _ (break out) in Japan last month, killing thousands of the local people. 5. I found a bag in the classroom three days ago, and that must _ (belong to) Lisa. 答案: 1. consists of 2. didnt agree with 3. have taken place 4. broke out 5. belong to四、 被动语态的补充说明（15分钟）1. 带有双宾语的句子，其主动语态本身就有两种句型，因此在改为被动语态时，也可改为相应的两种形式。例如： We awarded him a medal. = We awarded a medal to him. He was awarded a medal. = A medal was awarded to him.2. 带有宾语补足语的句子，在改为被动语态时，直接将宾语提前作主语即可，宾语补足语保留在被动语态结构之后。但是在let, make, see, hear, watch, find等词构成的宾补结构中，在改为被动语态时需还原动词不定式符号to。例如： 1) They always keep the bedrooms clean and tidy. The bedrooms are always kept clean and tidy. 2) The boss made him work for 12 hours a day. He was made to work for 12 hours a day.3. 宾语从句在改为被动语态时，通常改为以下这些句式：据说 It is said that 据报道 It is reported that众所周知It is well known that 人们相信/希望 It is believed/hoped thatPeople say that she knows six languages. It is said that she knows six languages. l 练习：将下列句子翻译完整。1. He is often heard _ (在教室里唱流行歌曲)。2. TuYouyou _ (被授予了诺贝尔奖) for Medicine and Physiology last year. 3. Xiao Ming _ (被要求打扫教室卫生) because of being late for school.4. _(据报道) a woman passing by saved the falling baby last week.5. _ (总是要讲一个故事) before he went to bed when he was young. 答案： 1. to sing pop songs in the classroom2. was awarded the Nobel Prize 3. was asked/made to clean up the classroom 4. It was reported that 5. A story was often told五、被动语态在语法填空中的高级运用：（15分钟）由于被动语态是谓语动词的重要考点之一，并且经常与时态一起来考查，因此涉及到被动语态的题目时，解题步骤如下：步骤一：判断所给动词是否是作谓语的动词；步骤二：所给动词是充当谓语，则找出句中是否是事物作主语，或根据上下文的语境需要填出被动含义时；步骤三：根据找出的时间状语或上下文的语境，填出正确时态中的被动语态形式l 练习：语法填空。1. My computer broke down last night and my paper (leave) unfinished ever since.2. People who are amusic (bear) without the ability to recognize or reproduce musical notes.3. Boys at single sex schools (say) to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness.4. We use a lot of ingredients that people wouldnt perhaps associate as British, but _ (present) in a British way.5. During the period of recent terrorist activities, people always_ (warn) not to touch any unattended bag. 6. The number of deaths from cancer will be reduced greatly if people _ (persuade) to eat more fruit and vegetables.7. What will be your first concern when you _ (offer) an ideal job?8. More than a dozen students in that school _ (send) around to study medicine last year.9. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike _ (expect) to become a world champion by his coach and parents.10. Is honesty the best policy? We (teach) that it is when we are little.答案：1. has been left2. were born3. are said 4. are presented 5. were being warned6. are persuaded 7. are offered8. were sent9. was expected10. were taught课堂练习一 概念填空：（5分钟）被动语态形式be done不同时态主动、被动形式对比时态主动被动一般现在时一般过去式一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时答案：被动语态形式be done不同时态主动、被动形式对比时态主动被动一般现在时dodoes am/is/aream/is/are + done一般过去式did was/werewas/were + done一般将来时willshall dobewill be + done过去将来时would dobewould be + done现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are being + done过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being + done将来进行时willshall be doingwill be being + done过去将来进行时would be doingwould be being + done现在完成时have/has been/donehave/has been + done过去完成时had been/donehad been + done将来完成时will/shall have been/donewill have been + done过去将来完成时would have been/donewould have been + done现在完成进行时have/has been doinghave/has been + doing done过去完成进行时had been doinghad been + doing done将来完成进行时will/shall have been doingwill have been + doing done过去将来完成进行时would have been doingwould have been + doing done二 判断对错：（5分钟）1. My car doesnt work2. This kind of cloth is washed well.3. The boy caught smoking a cigarette.4. Our government officials are seemed free of corruption. 5. It said that the boy has passed the national exam.6. The baby should take good care of by the baby-sitter7. He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.8. We'll be looked into the matter first before coming to a decision.9. I was given by ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.10. What would be remained of the little village if the war went on for another year?答案：1. My car doesnt work2. × This kind of cloth washes well.3. × The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4. × Our government officials seem free of corruption. 5. × It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.6. × The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter7. He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.8. × We'll look into the matter first before coming to a decision.9. × I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.10. × What would remain of the little village if the war went on for another year?三 四选一：（5分钟）1. Our house_, A .is getting paint B . is getting painted C . is got paintedD . has got to paint 2. He arrived in Beijing, where he_his friend .A .was met by B . was met C . was meeting D . met by 3. The war_in 1937 A .was broken out B . had been broken out C . has broken out D . broke out4. The mistakes in the exercises will_the teacher. A .crossB . be crossing C . be crossed by D . cross by 5. My brother and I have _her birthday party. A .been invited B . been invited for C . invited to D . been invited to 6. It_this way.A .is had to do B . is had to be done C . had to be done D . has to do 7. The sports meeting_ .A .is put off B . is to put off C . is to be put off D . puts off 8. Mary realized she_ A .was making fun of B . was made fun C .was being made fun ofD . was being made fun 9. _to say a thing in that way A . It is considers wrongB . It is considered wrong C . It is considered it's wrong D . It is considering wrong10. Some of the hotels in my hometown_.A .have now been rebuilding B . are now rebuildingC .are now being rebuilt D . are rebuilt now答案：1. B 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.C课后作业一单句改错:1. The president was given a cool reception when he visited London.2. A red sky in the morning is said to be a sign of bad weather.3. Great changes have been taken place in our hometown since 1978. 4. The village also called the International Meeting Village. 5. Our school also teaches Russian. 6. The scientist is known to us all. 7. The museum was entered by the children one by one. 8. Ill come after the meeting if time is permitted.9. “Look! Everything here is under construction.” “What is the small building that is built the small building for ?”10. A red sky in the morning is seemed to be a sign of bad weather.11. The machine needs being repaired.12. The way the guests were treated in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service.13. The flowers were so lovely that they were sold in no time.14. What body changes occur when the sperm whale dives?Answers:1对2对3. 错误：take place和happen都是不及物动词或短语动词，不能用于被动语态。故删去been: Great changes have taken place in our hometown since 1978. 4. 错误：英语中的被动语态是由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成，因此在also前应加is。5. 错误：当动作的执行者没有必要指明或为大家所知时，通常用被动语态。显然our school不是teach的执行者，而应该是没有表示出来的teachers，因此，要把动作的承受者Russian用作