毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译.doc

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译院 系：土木工程与建筑系年级专业：2021级工程管理姓 名：刘凯斌学 号：0809012213附 件：工程造价管理前沿指导老师评语： 指导教师签名：年 月 日In the stage of the project cost managementAbstract: Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords: project cost，management，cost controlEngineering cost management system is formed in the 50's, 80's mature, displays for the country directly involved in the regulation of economic activity. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on. With the historical process of through recovery reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development, the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity, will inevitably become a shortage in the economy. In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. Constitute of the country project control key factors equipment and materials prices, wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for the system approved project cost, help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role. As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China, the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, lights the economy and technology.First, the consequences of victimization, Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to rise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals. Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept, building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height. Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system, efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence, The construction cost is an important stage control. China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price, and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects, the information can not be fully, comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something. The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors, a combination of practical, comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits, with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role. In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion.Otherwise, invest more, less effective, resulting in loss of control and waste of investment. At present, some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue, false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems, lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective, even become hopeless completion of the beard works. Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs, we must do the following aspects: Implementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds. A realistic approach to market analysis, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness, design task more scientific and reliability. Capital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place, and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation.To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure. To strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land,water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds. At the same time, the extensive investigation and study, compared to similar projects, serious functional analysis, comparison and selection. After the technical feasibility and economic evaluation, finally to advanced technology, reliable, economic and reasonable project, thereby calculating a more accurate estimation of investment, seek truth from facts, make project cost from the start location in a relative reasonable level.Long-term since, our country construction control is very effective, therefore, project cost control is of great significance, but the project cost is the main method to control design.It is wrong, at present, most of the owners in design stage rarely project cost control, and they think the cost of the design will not have much influence; on the contrary, the project cost control of design phase is the most important step. Because it determines the engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, optimization design stage of the procedure or small changes, project cost will produce major effect, the project cost control of design phase 70% of the total project cost. As the owners must design，the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level，and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between，We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design，Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget，certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same，and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%，and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost，and good design is often low cost，We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels，the design works naturally，therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method，the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements，cost control targets，and so on. Otherwise，in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market，compared to select the best design units. Promoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France，in accordance with applicable，economic， aesthetic principles and advanced technology，reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements，comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design，selection of the best determination of the successful program. Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology，unique novelty， adaptability，as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea，contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality，strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling. Strengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design，mature technology，reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the program， in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved，excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control，construction began at best to save and invest 20%，the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include :Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates，to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include: According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options，the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study，to the design staff costs，to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators. Design actively promote the so-called cap limit design，even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates，guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget，according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits，and every one professional，each of whom have a design threshold of a target.In the design process， designers should progress to more programs， design optimization，ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable，innovative，stylish，and do not break the limit investment objectives，thus eliminating the engineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards，or only consider the technical feasibility of the program，rather than economic rationality phenomenon，the project cost to ensure effective control. Also known as the value of value engineering analysis，is a modern scientific management technique，is a new techno-economic analysis，is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies，construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period，a lot of wastage，poor quality，high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object，on average;From comparison choose the best design. Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise， in the investment decision-making stage，the design phase and construction phase of the project