英语演讲的艺术week-one培训讲学.ppt

英语演讲的艺术week-oneStephen E.Lucas and Big DragonModern famous speakersFranklin RooseveltMartin Luther KingMargaret ThatcherNelson Mandela etc.Franklin RooseveltMartin Luther KingMargaret ThatcherNelson MandelaEnjoy a Video from Gu Qiubei顾秋蓓，2003年21世纪杯全国英语演讲比赛冠军 Overview of Public Speaking Course introduction Course objectives Types of speeches 7 elements of communication process Speak confidently and ethicallyCourse IntroductionImprove skills of writing and presenting effective public speechesSpecial emphasis on informative and persuasive discourseBenefit you in your future career and life as a citizen in a global ageCourse ObjectivesTo improve your ability to write effective public speechesTo improve your ability to deliver effective public speechesTo improve your ability to think critically and to apply the skills of critical thinking to the analysis of written and oral textsTo improve your ability to listen effectively to public speechesTypes of SpeechesIntroductory speechInformative speechPersuasive speechCommemorative speechIntroductory SpeechIntroduce yourself(or anyone around you)Focus on some aspect of your(anyones)personality,background,beliefs,or aspirationsThis is your assignment One part of final examinationHand in one manuscript next class Be delivered in week 7Informative SpeechInform the audience about an object,concept,process,or eventUse of a visual aid is requiredOne part of final examinationBe delivered in week 13Persuasive SpeechTo persuade the audience for or against a question or policySeek either passive agreement or immediate action from the audienceEmphasis is given to evidence and reasoning in constructing persuasive argumentsCommemorative SpeechTo pay tribute to(称赞，歌颂）a person,a group of people,an institution,or an ideaSeek to use language creatively and imaginatively so as to invest the topic with dignity,meaning,and honest emotion.Seven Elements of Communication ProcessSpeaker-演讲者Message-信息Channel-渠道Listener-听众Feedback-反馈Interference-干扰Situation-场景Speaker Your success as a speaker depends on:Personal credibilityKnowledge of the subjectPreparation of the speechManner of speakingSensitivity to the audience and the occasionEnthusiasmMessageWhatever a speaker communicates to someone elseDepends on what you say(verbal message)and how you say it(nonverbal message)Narrow your topic down to something you can discuss adequately in the time allowed for the speechChoose supporting details to make your ideas clear and convincingOrganize your ideas well Express your message in accurate,clear,vivid and appropriate wordsSend a message with your tone of voice,appearance,gestures,facial expression,and eye contactMake sure your nonverbal message not distract from your verbal messageChannelMeans by which a message is communicatedUse one or more channels,each of which will affect the message received by the audienceRadio,television,microphone,etc.Listener Person who receives communicated messageTake account of listeners frames of reference(参考框架，sum of persons knowledge,experience,goals,values,and attitudes)Audience-centeredFeedbackThe messages,usually nonverbal,sent from a listener to a speakerLean forward;applaud in approval;laugh at your jokes;quizzical looks on their faces;shuffle their feet and gaze at the clockBe alert to these reactions and adjust your message accordinglyInterference Anything that impedes the communication of a messageExternal:traffic outside,peoples conversation in the hall,a room that is stifling hot or freezing coldInternal:toothache,any other pain,worry about the CET4/6,brood about an argument with his girlfriendSituationThe time and place in which speech communication occursCertain situations:funerals,weddings,graduation ceremonies,open ceremoniesPhysical setting:a speech is presented indoors or out,to a densely packed crowd or to a handful of scattered soulsSpeak Confidently and EthicallyBecoming a confident speaker:a)nervousness is normal b)dealing with nervousnessBeing an ethical speaker a)guidelines for ethical speaking b)plagiarismBecoming a Confident SpeakerStage fright:anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audienceUS national survey:42%of respondents-giving a speech as top fear;in comparison,only 28%said theyre afraid of dying Nervousness is NormalStage fright is a common occurrenceGreatest public speakers in history suffered from it:Mahatma Gandhi,Abraham Lincoln,Winston Churchill Recently:Li Yang-stage fright before his first Crazy English lecture;Leonardo DiCaprio DiCaprio nervous about giving an acceptance speech when winning the Academy AwardActors nervous before a play,musicians before a concert,athletes before a gameMost experienced speakers have stage fright:a throat constricted with terror and a furiously thumping heartThe question is:How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you rather than against you?Dealing With NervousnessNot try to eliminate stage frightTransform it from a negative force into positive nervousness-a zesty,enthusiastic,lively feelingStage fright is considered as stage excitement or stage enthusiasmWays of Making ItAcquire speaking experiencePrepare,prepare,prepare Think positivelyUse the power of visualizationKnow that most nervousness is not visibleDont expect perfectionAdditional tipsAcquire Speaking ExperienceStage fright:fear of the unknownProceed by trial and terrorAs time goes on,fears will gradually recede Finally replaced by only a healthy nervousness before you rise to speakPrepare,Prepare,PreparePick speech topics you truly care aboutPrepare your speech thoroughlyEach minute of speaking-one to two hours of preparation time,perhaps moreProper preparation can reduce stage fright by up to 75%Study your audience and select a topic that will interest themPractice it several times before two or three trusted friendsThink PositivelyConfidence is the well-known power of positive thinkingIf you think you can do it,you usually canIf you predict disaster and doom,that is almost always what you will getWays of Transforming Negative Thoughts into Positive OnesI wish I didnt have to give this speech-This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker Im not a great public speaker-No ones perfect,but Im getting better with each speech I giveIm always nervous when I give a speech-Everyones nervous.If other people can handle it,I can tooNo one will be interested in what I have to say-I have a good topic and Im fully prepared.Of course theyll be interestedFor each negative thought,counter with at least five positive onesUse the Power of VisualizationMental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentationRepeat this visualization several times in the days before you speakIt doesnt guarantee your success,but will help control your nervousness and craft a successful presentationKnow That Most Nervousness Is not VisibleNovice speakers worry about appearing nervous to the audienceHard to speak with poise and assurance if you think you look tense and insecureYour nervous system may be giving you a thousand shocks,but the viewers can see only a few of them Make yourself look calmDont Expect PerfectionTheres no such thing as a perfect speechEvery speaker says or does something that doesnt come across exactly as he or she had plannedIf you momentarily lose your place,reverse the order of a couple statements,or forget to pause at a certain spot,just proceed as if nothing happenedMartin Luther Kings“I Have a Dream”,he stumbles over his words twiceDont panic about being perfect or about what will happen if you make a mistakeFree yourself of these burdens,gain confidence and enthusiasmAdditional TipsBe at your best physically and mentallyAs youre waiting to speak,quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles,or squeeze your hands together and then release themTake a couple slow,deep breaths before you start to speakWork especially hard on your introductionMake eye contact with members of your audienceConcentrate on communicating with your audience rather than worrying about your stage fright Use visual aidsBeing an Ethical SpeakerEthics:the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairsWhether a course of action is moral or immoral,fair or unfair,just or unjust,honest or dishonestGuidelines for Ethical Speaking1.Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2.Be fully prepared for each speech 3.Be honest in what you say 4.Put ethical principles into practiceMake Sure Your Goals Are Ethically SoundSpeakers first responsibility:whether your goals ethically soundDuring WWII,Hitler stirred that German people to condone war,invasion,and genocideSupport Beijings bid for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games;Report on a business project;Raise money and help a student who is illBe a responsible public speakerBe Fully Prepared for Each SpeechA speech is a solemn responsibility not only to yourself,but to your listenersFully be prepared for your speech:analyzing your audience,creating visual aids,organizing your ideas,rehearsing your deliveryNot communicate erroneous information or misleading adviceBe Honest in What You sayPublic speaking rests upon:words can be trusted and people will be truthfulDishonesty in public speaking:juggling statistics,quoting out of context,misrepresenting sources,painting tentative findings as firm conclusions,portraying a few details as the whole story,substituting innuendo and half-truths for evidence and proof.Put Ethical Principles into PracticeEasy to pay lip service to the importance of ethicsHarder to act ethicallyBeing ethical means behaving ethically all the time,not only when its convenientPlagiarism To present another persons language or ideas as your own-to give the impression that you have written or thought something yourself when you have actually taken it from someone else 1.Global plagiarism 原封不动式剽窃 2.Patchwork plagiarism 改头换面式剽窃 3.Incremental plagiarism 局部剽窃 Global PlagiarismStealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as ones ownStart early,give yourself plenty of time to prepare a first-rate speech-a speech of your ownPatchwork PlagiarismStealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as ones ownStart work on your speech as soon as possibleConsult a large number of sourcesIncremental PlagiarismFailing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other peopleQuotationsParaphrasesSee You此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢