英语演讲的艺术week-six复习进程.ppt

英语演讲的艺术week-sixTypes of Informative Speeches:Analysis and OrganizationSpeeches about objects.Speeches about processes.Speeches about events.Speeches about concepts.Object:anything that is visible,tangible,and stable in form.Here are examples of subjects for speeches about objects:Gobi Desert computers stock market Sichuan masks Xiang embroidery pandaSpeeches about ObjectsExamples of Specific Purpose Statements for Informative Speeches about ObjectsTo inform my audience about geological features of the Gobi Desert.To inform my audience about the latest developments in computer technology.To inform my audience about the craftsmanship of Xiang embroidery.If your purpose is to explain the history or evolution of your subject,you will put your speech in chronological order.Example-see APS page 178.If your purpose is to describe the main features of your subject,you may organize your speech in spatial order.Example-see APS page 178.As often as not,you will find that speeches about objects fall into topical order.Example-see APS page 178.No matter which organizational method you use-chronological,spatial,or topical-be sure to follow the guidelines:Limit the number of main points.Keep main points separate.Try to use the same pattern of wording for all main points.Balance the amount of time devoted to each main point.Process:a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.Speeches about processes explain how something is made,how something is done,or how something works.Speeches about ProcessesExamples of Specific Purpose Statements for Informative Speeches about ObjectsTo inform my audience how typhoons develop.To inform my audience how to write an effective job resume.To inform my audience how to perform Tai Chi.Two Kinds of InformativeSpeeches about ProcessesI.Explains a process so that listeners will understand it better.To have your audience know the steps of the process and how they relate to one another.II.Explains a process so listeners will be better able to perform the process themselves.To have the audience learn a skill.To inform my audience how nuclear power plants work.To inform my audience how to take pictures like a professional photographer.Which kind of informative speeches about processes the following two belong to?When informing about a process,youll usually arrange your speech in chronological order,explaining the process step by step from beginning to end.Example-see APS page 180.If you focus on the major principles or techniques involved in performing the process,youll organize your speech in topical order.Each main point will deal with a separate principle or technique.Example-see APS pages 180-181.Speeches about EventsEvent:anything that happens is regarded as happening.The following are examples of suitable subjects:insomnia marriage World Cup Battle of Red Cliffs tsunami cyber crimeExamples of Specific Purpose Statements for Informative Speeches about EventsTo inform my audience about healthy cures for insomnia.To inform my audience about events at the Battle of Red Cliffs.To inform my audience about the major types of cyber crime.If your specific purpose is to recount the history of an event,youll organize your speech in chronological order,relating the incidents one after another in the order they occurred.Example-see APS page 181.You can approach an event from almost any angle or combination of angles-features,origins,implications,benefits,future development,and so forth.In such cases,youll put your speech together in topical order.Example-see APS page 182.Speeches about ConceptsConcept:a belief,theory,idea,notion,principle,or the like.The following are examples of subjects:Neo-Confucianism;theories of evolution;Philosophies of education;motivationalprinciples;military theory;constitutionalism.To inform my audience about basic points of the SMART principle.To inform my audience about different philosophies of education in China and the Untied States.To inform my audience about the major theories explaining the extinction of dinosaurs.Examples of Specific Purpose Statements for Informative Speeches about ConceptsSpeeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order and focus on the main features or aspects of your concept.Example-see APS pages 183-184.Tips for Informative SpeakingDont overestimate what the audience knows.Dont be too technical.Personalize your ideas.Avoid abstractions.Be creative.You cant assume that your audience will know what you mean.You must lead them step by step,without any shortcuts.Be sure to define every special term,clarify every idea,illustrate every concept.Dont Overestimate What The Audience KnowsDont Be Too Technical“Too technical”means the subject matter is too specialized for the audience.Avoid technical words or jargons when informing an audience of non-specialists.Personalize:to present ones ideas inhuman terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.Use an unbroken string of facts and figures.Use personal illustrations.Personalize Your IdeasTry to personalize your ideas and dramatize them in human terms.Example-see APS page 186.View this excerpt from“The Hidden World of Chili Peppers”.Avoid AbstractionsAbstract ideas are less compelling to listeners than are concrete ideas.One way:description.Description:a statement that depicts a person,event,idea,or the like with clarity and vividness.Example:see APS page 186.Another way:comparison and contrast.Comparison:a statement of the similarities among two or more people,events,ideas,etc.Contrast:a statement of the differences among two or more people,events,ideas,etc.Example-see APS 186.Be CreativeBe creative in thinking about ways to achieve your objectives.View an excerpt from“Extended-Wear Contact Lenses”.Its a highly effective-and creative-solution.The End!此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢