英语句子成分及基本结构培训讲学.ppt

英语句子成分及基本结构（二）（二）句子的具体成分句子的具体成分主语主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句容词和主语从句等表示。等表示。1Duringthe1990s,American country musichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）2We oftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）3One-third ofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）4To swim in the riverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）5Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）6The richshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）7When we are going to have an English testhasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）8It isnecessaryto master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）谓语谓语(predicate)谓语说明主语所做的谓语说明主语所做的动作动作或具有的或具有的特征和状态特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.表语表语(predicative)表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）宾语(object)宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词及物动词和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语补足语(complementofobject)英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如为：某些及物动词（如make等等+宾语宾语+宾补）宾补）。宾补可由。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当分词、介词短语和从句充当。HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）定语定语(attributive)修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）状语状语(adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类如下Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.Weallarestudents.Carol,anAmericanteacher,willcometoourschool.独立成分有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分感叹词感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词肯定词yes否定词否定词no称呼语称呼语：mum,dad。插入语插入语：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend情态词情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidnthearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,cantshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Donttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.HewantstogotherebutIdonthurryup,oryouwillbelate.ThishousebelongstoMr.Smith；itcostsmillionsofdollars.3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWallThisisthebookthatIwant.Ithinkthatheisright.简单句的五种基本句型1主语+不及物动词：(SV)Wework.ShecameMyheadaches.Thebellrang.2主语+系动词+表语(SVC)系动词一be动词类：am、is、are、was、were二表示变化类：become、get、turn、grow、go三感官动词类:looksoundsmelltastefeelappear,seem四表示延续性的动词：remain、stay、keepHeisastudentHisfaceturnedredTheappletastessweetThesoldierkeepsstill.3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO）e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.Mikeatethreecakesshedrewabeautifulpicture.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO)e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.-MyfatherboughtacarformeHegavemethreeyuan.-Hegavethreeyuantome5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）(SVOC)Tommadethebabylaugh.Wemadehimourmonitor.Icantmakemyselfunderstood.Wewanttohavethedeskrepaired.此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢