英国文学选读教学教材.ppt

英国文学选读刘炳善l l刘炳善（19272010）河南郑州人。中共党员，享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家，中国作家协会会员，国际莎士比亚协会会员，中国莎士比亚研究会理事，中国译协资深翻译家，外国文学专家，河南大学外语学院博士研究生导师。本课程教材版本说明杨岂深l l曾用名杨起森。1909年生。安徽怀宁人。1931年毕业于复旦大学文学院。1939年起在复旦大学任教，曾任复旦大学外文系主任。现任复旦大学外文系英美文学教授、外国文学学会常务理事、中国美国文学学会副会长、上海外国文学学会副会长、修订版辞海编委及外国文学分册主编。HistoryofEnglishLiteratureHistoryofEnglishLiteraturel lTheMiddleAges(5thC.-15thC.)l lTheRenaissance(15thC.-mid17thC.)l lThenewclassicism(mid17thC.-1798)l lTheRomanticism(1798-1832)l lTheVictorianAge(1836-1901)l lThemodernperiod(the1sthalfof20thC.)l lThepostmodernism(the2ndhalfof20thC.)EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureOutlinel l1.TheMakingofEnglandl l2.Beowulfl l3.FeudalEnglandl l4.WilliamLanglandl l5.TheEnglishBalladsl l6.GeoffreyChaucer1.TheMakingofEnglandl l700BCTheBritons(atribeofCelts)l l55BC-410ADTheRomanConquestl l410-1012Anglos,Saxons,Jutesl l1013-1043theDanishconquestl l1066theNormanconquestConquestsandinfluences-Earlyperiodl lTheRomanconquestTheRomanconquestl la.theromancivilizationa.theromancivilizationl lb.Christianityb.Christianityl lc.flourishingoftownsalongmilitaryroadsc.flourishingoftownsalongmilitaryroadsl lTheEnglishconquestTheEnglishconquestl la.Threetribes-oldEnglisha.Threetribes-oldEnglishl lb.Tribalsocietytofeudalismb.TribalsocietytofeudalismConquestsandinfluences-Medievalperiodl lTheDanishconquest(30years)l la.theDanishlawsl lTheNormanconquestl la.theestablishmentoffeudalisml lb.FrenchwordscameintoEnglishFeaturesofoldEnglishliteraturel lOldEnglish(Anglo-Saxon)l lPaganandChristianl lOralform,nowrittenmanuscriptsl lWithChristianity,Englishlanguageandculturewereenriched2.Anglo-Saxonpoetry-Beowulfl lAnglo-SaxonsaretheancestorsoftodaysEnglishmen.l lThisisthebeginningofEnglishliterature.l lFeatures:alliteration,metaphorsandunderstatementsl lTheonlygreatwork:BeowulfBeowulfl lAfolklegendbroughttoEnglandfromN.E.l lPassedorallyhundredsofyears.l lWrittendownbyareligiousscholarinthe10thC.l lConsideredasthenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.Epicl lalongnarrativepoeminadignifiedstyleaboutthedeedsofatraditionalorhistoricalheroorheroes.typically,apoemlikeBeowulf,consideredasexpressingtheearlyidealsandtraditionsofapeopleornationcalledfolkepicornationalepicPlotofBeowulfl lPart1hisadventurousvictoryoverthemonster;hekilledthemonstersmotherwhensherevenged(youngBeowulf)l lPart2victory-in-deathoverthefiredragon.(oldBeowulf)FeaturesofBeowulfl lAlliterationl lMetaphorl lUnderstatementAlliterationl lAlliterationistherepetitionofthesameinitialconsonantsoundwithinalineoragroupofwords.l lE.g.firstandforemostl lsaintsandsinnersAlliterationinBeowulfl l“Thus“Thus mademade their their mourningmourning the the menmen of Geatland,of Geatland,l lFor their For their heroheros passing,s passing,hishis hearthhearth-companions,-companions,l lQuoth Quoth thatthat of all of all thethe kings of earth,kings of earth,l lOf men he was the Of men he was the mildest and mostmildest and most beloved,beloved,l lTo his To his kinkin the the kindest,keenestkindest,keenest to praise.”to praise.”l坟墓周围，勇士们为逝去的国王唱起挽歌人们称你为世界上最可亲，最可敬的国王l你对人们总是最仁爱，最热心，你最渴望的是人们对你的赞扬Metaphorl lAmetaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichanimpliedcomparisonismadebetweentwounlikethingsthatactuallyhavesomethingimportantincommon.l lE.g.Lifeisajourney.MetaphorinBeowulfl lRing-giverkingl lSea-woodshipl lSoul-destroyermonsterUnderstatementl lUnderstatementisaformofspeechwhichcontainsanexpressionoflessstrengththanwhatwouldbeexpected.l lE.g.l lInascene,anArmyofficerhasjustlosthisleg.Whenaskedhowhefeels,helooksdownathisbloodystumpandresponds,Stingsabit.UnderstatementinBeowulfl lnottroublesomeverywelcomel lneednotpraisearighttocondemnSignificanceofBeowulfl lItisconsideredasanationalepicoftheEnglishItisconsideredasanationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.people.l lTheepicpresentsusavividpictureofthelifeofTheepicpresentsusavividpictureofthelifeofAnglo-SaxonpeopleandhighlypraisesthebraveAnglo-Saxonpeopleandhighlypraisesthebraveandcourageousspiritofthefightingagainsttheandcourageousspiritofthefightingagainstthevices.vices.l lTheepicreflectsthesituationsofthepaganTheepicreflectsthesituationsofthepagantribalismandoftheeraoftheChristianizedtribalismandoftheeraoftheChristianizedfeudalsociety.feudalsociety.l lTheepicgivesavividportrayalofagreatTheepicgivesavividportrayalofagreatnationalhero.nationalhero.3.FeudalEnglandl l4typesofliteraturel lRomancel lBalladl lReligiouswritingsl lPoeml lRomancel lItwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandsometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.adventuresofanoblehero.l lItwasthemostprevailingkindofliteratureinItwasthemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglish.ThecentralcharacteroffeudalEnglish.Thecentralcharacterofromanceswastheknight.romanceswastheknight.l lThecodeofmannersandmoralsofaknightisThecodeofmannersandmoralsofaknightisknownaschivalry.knownaschivalry.l lClassnature:upperclassClassnature:upperclassl lTheme:loyaltytothekingandlord.Theme:loyaltytothekingandlord.l lLeMorteDArthur(theDeathofKingArthur)LeMorteDArthur(theDeathofKingArthur)isacollectionofstoriesaboutKingArthur,isacollectionofstoriesaboutKingArthur,translatedfromFrenchbySirThomasMalory.translatedfromFrenchbySirThomasMalory.4.Langlandl lWilliamLanglandistheconjecturedauthorofthe14thC.EnglishlongpoemPiersthePlowman.l lThepoemsetsforthaseriesofwonderfuldreams,throughwhichwecanseeapictureoffeudalEngland.5.TheEnglishBalladsl lAballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.l lItisthemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliterature.RobinHoodl lTheGesteofRobinHoodTheGesteofRobinHoodisacollectionofisacollectionofvariousballadsaboutRobinHood.variousballadsaboutRobinHood.l lRobinHood,alegendarypopularhero,isRobinHood,alegendarypopularhero,isdepictedintheballadsasavaliantoutlaw,depictedintheballadsasavaliantoutlaw,famousinarchery,livingunderthegreenwoodfamousinarchery,livingunderthegreenwoodtreewithhismerrymen,takingfromtherichtreewithhismerrymen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor,wagingwaragainstandgivingtothepoor,wagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishops,andconstantlyhuntedbishopsandarchbishops,andconstantlyhuntedbythesheriffs,whomheconstantlyoutwits.bythesheriffs,whomheconstantlyoutwits.6.GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)l l6.1lifel l6.2literarycareerl l6.3TheCanterburyTales6.1Lifel lHewasbornintoawinemerchantfamilyinLondon.HewasbornintoawinemerchantfamilyinLondon.l lAt17,hebecameapageinanoblemanshousehold.At17,hebecameapageinanoblemanshousehold.l lAt19,hewenttoFrancewiththeEnglisharmyandwasAt19,hewenttoFrancewiththeEnglisharmyandwasimprisonedimprisonedl lHewasmarriedtoamaidofhonortothequeenat26.Hewasmarriedtoamaidofhonortothequeenat26.l lAt27heenteredtheserviceoftheking.At27heenteredtheserviceoftheking.l lFrom1372-1373hewenttoItalyondiplomaticmissions.From1372-1373hewenttoItalyondiplomaticmissions.l lIn1374,hewasmadecontrollerofcustomsinLondon.In1374,hewasmadecontrollerofcustomsinLondon.l lHewasevenmadeMPHewasevenmadeMP（MemberofParliamentMemberofParliament议员）议员）forKentin1386.forKentin1386.l lHediedin1400.Hediedin1400.l lHewasburiedinWestminsterAbbeythePoetsCorner.HewasburiedinWestminsterAbbeythePoetsCorner.6.2literarycareera.a.FrenchperiodFrenchperiod(1360-1372)(1360-1372)RomanceoftheRomanceoftheR RoseoseTheBookoftheDuchessTheBookoftheDuchessb.b.ItalianperiodItalianperiod(1372-1386)(1372-1386)TroilusandCriseydeTroilusandCriseyde(ChaucerslongestcompleteChaucerslongestcompletePoemabout8000linesofaPoemabout8000linesofalovestory.)lovestory.)C.C.EnglishperiodEnglishperiod(1387-1400)(1387-1400)TheCanterburyTalesTheCanterburyTales6.3TheCanterburyTalesIt is Chaucers masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.It has 24 stories.It is the description of the pilgrims who tell stories.It is about the life of ordinary people.It gives vivid characters,with humor and satire.6.3.1outlineofthestory l lOnaspringevening,thepoet,movedbythepassionforOnaspringevening,thepoet,movedbythepassionforwandering,dropshimselfattheTabardInnatthesouthwandering,dropshimselfattheTabardInnatthesouthendofLondonBridge.Herehemeets29pilgrimsreadyfendofLondonBridge.Herehemeets29pilgrimsreadyforajourneyof60milesonhorsebacktoCanterbury.Heorajourneyof60milesonhorsebacktoCanterbury.Hejoinsthiscompany.Atthesuggestionofthehostofthejoinsthiscompany.Atthesuggestionofthehostoftheinn,theyagreetobeguilethejourneybystory-inn,theyagreetobeguilethejourneybystory-telling.Eachtotell2storiesgoingand2returning.Thetelling.Eachtotell2storiesgoingand2returning.Thebeststorytellerwillbetreatedwithafinesupperatthegbeststorytellerwillbetreatedwithafinesupperatthegeneralexpenseattheend.Thehostistobethejudgeofeneralexpenseattheend.Thehostistobethejudgeofthecontest.thecontest.6.3.2theprologue l lThePrologueprovidesaframeworkforthetales.Itcontainsagroupofvividsketchesoftypicalmedievalfigures.AllclassesoftheEnglishfeudalsociety,excepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasant,arerepresentedbythese30pilgrims.6.3.3thetalesThe famous ones are the story of:1)the Prologue 2)the Knight 3)the Pardoner 4)The Nuns Priest 5).the Wife of Bath6.3.4The Wife of Bath l lThe wife of Bath shows Chaucers keen The wife of Bath shows Chaucers keen observation and his unsurpassed talent for observation and his unsurpassed talent for characterization.characterization.l lShe is the owner of a cloth factory,light-She is the owner of a cloth factory,light-hearted,merry,somewhat vulgar,and hearted,merry,somewhat vulgar,and exceedingly talkative.exceedingly talkative.l lIt is a vivid sketch of a woman of the middle It is a vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucers day.life of that class in Chaucers day.6.3.5SocialSignificancel lAtrue-to-lifepictureofChaucerstime;l lTakingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,Chauceraffirmsmensrightstopursuetheirearthlyhappinessandopposesthedogmaofaestheticismpreachedbythechurch;l lAsaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesmansenergy,intellectandloveoflife;l lChaucerattackssocialevilsofhistime.6.3.6ChaucersContribution1.He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed 1.He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(heroic couplet)to of 5 accents in iambic meter(heroic couplet)to English poetry,instead of the old Anglo-Saxon English poetry,instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.alliterative verse.2.He was the first great poet who wrote in English 2.He was the first great poet who wrote in English language(Middle English),thus establishing English language(Middle English),thus establishing English as the literary language.as the literary language.3.He did much in making the London dialect the 3.He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.foundation for modern English language.4.He was called by John Dryden“the father of English 4.He was called by John Dryden“the father of English poetry”.poetry”.HeroiccoupletHeroic Couplet:the rhymed couplet(two-line stanza)ofiambic pentameter.(英雄双韵体)OcouldIflowlikethee,andmakethystreamal lMygreatexample,asitismyMygreatexample,asitismythemetheme!a al lThoughdeepyetclear,thoughgentleyetnotThoughdeepyetclear,thoughgentleyetnotdulldull;b b l lStrongwithoutrage,withoutoerflowingStrongwithoutrage,withoutoerflowingfullfull.b bIambic PentameterIambic Pentameter is the most common English meter,in which each foot contains an unstressed syllable and an stressed syllable.(五音步抑扬格)-Tobe,Tobe,|ornotornot|tobe:tobe:|thatisthatis|thequestthequestionion:Theprologuel lWheninApriltheWheninAprilthesweetshowersfallsweetshowersfallAndpiercetheAndpiercethedroughtofMarchtodroughtofMarchtotheroot,andalltheroot,andallTheveinsareTheveinsarebathedinliquorofbathedinliquorofsuchpowersuchpowerAsbringsaboutAsbringsabouttheengenderingoftheengenderingoftheflower,theflower,l l夏雨夏雨给大地带来了喜给大地带来了喜悦，悦，送走了土壤干裂的三送走了土壤干裂的三月，月，沐浴着草木的丝丝经沐浴着草木的丝丝经络，络，顿时百花盛开，生机顿时百花盛开，生机勃勃。勃勃。l l WhenalsoZephyrusWhenalsoZephyruswithhissweetbreathwithhissweetbreathExhalesanairinExhalesanairineverygroveandeverygroveandheathheathUponthetenderUponthetendershoots,andtheshoots,andtheyoungsunyoungsunHishalf-courseinHishalf-courseinthesignoftheRamthesignoftheRamhasrun,hasrun,l l西风轻吹留下清香缕西风轻吹留下清香缕缕，缕，田野复苏吐出芳草绿田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿；绿；碧蓝的天空腾起一轮碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日红日，青春的太阳洒下万道青春的太阳洒下万道金辉金辉。l lAndthesmallfowlAndthesmallfowlaremakingmelodyaremakingmelodyl lThatsleepawaytheThatsleepawaythenightwithopeneyenightwithopeneye(Sonaturepricks(Sonaturepricksthemandtheirheartthemandtheirheartengages)engages)l l小鸟的歌喉多么清脆小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美，优美，l l迷人的夏夜怎好安然迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦，的心弦，多情的鸟多情的鸟儿歌儿歌唱爱情唱爱情的欣欢。的欣欢。l l ThenpeoplelongtogoThenpeoplelongtogoonpilgrimagesonpilgrimagesAndpalmerslongtoAndpalmerslongtoseekthestrangerstrandsseekthestrangerstrandsOffar-offsaints,Offar-offsaints,hallowedinsundrylands,hallowedinsundrylands,Andspecially,fromAndspecially,fromeveryshiresendeveryshiresendOfEngland,downtoOfEngland,downtoCanterburytheywendCanterburytheywendToseektheholyToseektheholyblissfulmartyr,quickblissfulmartyr,quickTogivehishelptoTogivehishelptothemwhentheywerethemwhentheyweresick.sick.l l香客盼望膜拜香客盼望膜拜圣徒圣徒的的灵台灵台，僧侣僧侣立愿云游陌生的立愿云游陌生的滨海。滨海。信徒来自全国信徒来自全国东西南东西南北北，众人结伴奔向坎特伯众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷，雷，去朝谢医病救世的恩去朝谢医病救世的恩主，主，以缅怀以缅怀大恩大德大恩大德的的圣圣徒徒。l lRenewalofnatureaswellasmenandwomenl lTheobjectofthepilgrimagel l IthappenedinthatseasonthatonedayInSouthwark,atTheTabard,asIlayReadytogoonpilgrimageandstartForCanterbury,mostdevoutatheart,l那是个初夏方临的日子，我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息；怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心，我准备翌日出发去朝圣。l lAtnighttherecameAtnighttherecameintothehostelryintothehostelrySomenineandSomenineandtwentyinacompanytwentyinacompanyOfsundryfolkOfsundryfolkhappeningthentofallhappeningthentofallInfellowship,Infellowship,andtheywereandtheywerepilgrimsallpilgrimsallThetowardsThetowardsCanterburymeanttoCanterburymeanttoride.ride.l l黄昏前后黄昏前后华灯初上华灯初上时时分，分，旅店院里涌入很多客旅店院里涌入很多客人；人；二十九人来自各行各二十九人来自各行各业，业，不期而遇不期而遇都到旅店过都到旅店过夜。夜。这些香客人人虔心诚这些香客人人虔心诚意，意，次日要骑马去坎特伯次日要骑马去坎特伯雷。雷。l lTheroomsandstablesoftheinnwerewide;Theymadeuseasy,allwasofthebest.l客房与马厩宽敞又洁净，店主的招待周到而殷勤。l lAnd,briefly,whenAnd,briefly,whenthesunhadgonetothesunhadgonetorest,rest,IdspokentoIdspokentothemalluponthetripthemalluponthetripAndwassoonAndwassoononewiththeminonewiththeminfellowship,fellowship,PledgedtorisePledgedtorisetoearlyandtotaketoearlyandtotakethewaythewayToCanterbury,ToCanterbury,asyouheardmesay.asyouheardmesay.l l夕阳刚从地平线上消失，众人同我已经相互结识；大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床，迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上。l lAspecificgroupofpilgrims:theirreceptionandtheirplansforthenextdayl lButnonetheless,Butnonetheless,whileIhavetimeandwhileIhavetimeandspace,space,BeforemystoryBeforemystorytakesafurtherpace,takesafurtherpace,ItseemsaItseemsareasonablethingtoreasonablethingtosaysayWhattheyWhattheyconditionwas,thefullconditionwas,thefullarrayarrayOfeachofthem,Ofeachofthem,asitappearedtome,asitappearedtome,l l可是在我叙述故事之前，让我占用诸位一点时间，依我之见似乎还很必要，把每人的情况作些介绍。l l Accordingtoprofessionanddegree,Andwhatappareltheywereridingin;AndataKnightIthereforewillbegin.l l谈谈他们从事什么行谈