讲与练07 句子成分与划分方法及主干结构要略(含答案解析)---2022年高考英语大二轮复习讲与练(通用版).docx

2022年高考英语大二轮复习讲与练（通用版）07句子成分与划分方法及主干结构要略【高频考点回顾】要点一基本句子成分1 .主语主语是动作发出者。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句或名词化形容词等充当。一般 位于句首，而在there be句型和倒装句中，主语常位于be动词、助动词、谓语动词或情态动词之后。假设不定 式短语作主语，常用it作形式主语，那么把真正的主语（不定式短语）放在句后。例如：（2020全国III卷）It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time.很难说到底有多少人同意他的观点，但研究说明，这一数字已经上升了一段时间。（2020江苏高考）1 was in the middle of the Amazon （亚马逊）with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. （2018浙江高考）They realize how cheap it can be to eat out.2 .谓语谓语用于表示主语的动作或者表示主语具有的特征或状态，常位于主语之后。常用作谓语的主要有动词 和动词短语等。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应，即主谓一致。例如：（2020江苏高考）We used to think that insects we re （be） the smallest organisms.You must weigh the benefits（benefit） against the cost.3 .宾语宾语用于表示动作涉及的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或者介词之后。常用作宾语的主要有名词、 代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句等。例如：She walked up to the desk and asked to see（scc） the manager.I appreciate being given（give） this opportunity.He suggested taking （take）the children to the zoo.4 .补足语French. These new settlers 16. (enrich) the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600's Shakespare was able to use a 17. (wide) vocabulary than ever before. In 1620, some British settlers moved to America.Finally by the 19th century the language 18. (settle). At that time, two big changes in English 19. (spell) happened. First Shakespeare, who enlarged the English vocabulary and the 20. Noah Webs® gave American English its own identity.【答案】. in11 .spokenthan13. graduallywho/that14. enrichedwider15. was settledspelling16. later【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了英语的开展。11 .考查介词。句意：他们几乎所有人都住在英国。live+介词表示居住在某地，空后England是大地点，应 用介词in,故填in。12 .考查非谓语动词。句意：首先，在公元450年到1150年间，英格兰所说的英语与今天所说的英语大不 相同。此处需要用过去分词作后置定语，修饰名词English,此处是“英语被说: 应用过去分词表示被动， 故填 spoken o.考查介词。句意：它更多地以德语为基础，而不是我们现在所说的英语。根据前文的more,此处表示 比拟，应用介词than,故填thano13 .考查副词。句意：渐渐地，英语变得不像德语了，因为统治英格兰的人首先说丹麦语，后来说法语。此 处应用副词，修饰整个句子，表示“逐渐地”，故填Gradually。14 .考查定语从句。句意：渐渐地，英语变得不像德语了，因为统治英格兰的人首先说丹麦语，后来说法语。 本句是限定性定语从句，从句修饰先行词those,此处those指统治英格兰的人，关系词应用who或that,故填who或thato.考查时态。句意：这些新移民丰富了英语，尤其是词汇。根据前文的became和spoke,此处是描述过去 发生的事情，应用一般过去时态，故填enriched。15 .考查比拟级。句意：所以到了 17世纪，莎士比亚使用的词汇比以往任何时候都多。根据后文的than ever before,此处应用比拟级，故填wider。16 .考查语态。句意:直到19世纪，这种语言才被确定下来。首先根据时间状语bythel9thcentury可知， 用一般过去时，主语the language与谓语动词settle之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，故填was settled o.考查名词。句意：当时，英语拼写发生了两大变化。此处表示“英语拼写" 应用名词，spell的名词是 spelling, 故填 spellingo17 .考查副词。句意：首先是莎士比亚扩大了英语词汇量，后来是诺亚韦伯斯特赋予了美式英语自己的身 份。根据前文的first,此处表示“后来”，应用副词later,故填later。3A young woman having lunch with her mom at an Applebee's in Nebraska saved a man's life when she performed CPR (心月市复苏术) on him, according to reports.Kaela Meyer, a senior at the University of Nebraska, was having lunch with her mom on Sunday when the incident 21. (happen),The man reportedly fell to the ground in the midst of a seizure (疾病突然发作) during 22. (he) meal.Meyer told the reporter, "I saw him on the floor. He turned blue, and I didn't think he was breathing. That was not good. And 23. (sudden) I remembered I knew CPR."The man's girlfriend 24, was with him at the restaurant at the time of the incident, said that she froze up when he fell to the floor. She also said she was 25. (thank) that Meyer jumped into26. (act).When the doctors arrived, they reportedly praised Meyer for her bravery and quick response (反响).She said, “They said if I hadn't acted27. time, they didn't know if they would have been able to save him. Fm so glad that I went for it.”This was apparently (显然地)28. first time that Meyer had ever used her CPR training after 29. (learn) it last November, but she said, “I hope I will never get the chance 30. (use) CPR in a real-life situation again.【答案】17. happenedhis18. suddenlywho19. thankfulaction20. inthe21. learningto use【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了一名年轻女子给一名男子做了心肺复苏术，救了他的命的事情。21 .考查时态。句意：事件发生时，内布拉斯加大学大四学生凯拉迈耶(Kaela Meyer)正在和妈妈吃午饭。这 里是过去发生的事情，所以用一般过去时态。故填happened。22 .考查代词。句意：据报道，这名男子在吃饭时癫痫发作，突然摔倒在地。名词meal前用形容词性物主 代词。故填his。23 .考查副词。句意：突然我想起来我懂心肺复苏术。句中副词作状语，修饰整个句子。故填suddenly。24 .考查定语从句。句意：事发时，这名男子的女友和他一起在餐厅，她说当他摔倒在地板上时，她吓呆了。 句中先行词为girlfriend,指人，在定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故填who。25 .考查形容词。句意：她还说，她感谢迈耶立即采取行动。be动词was后接形容词作表语。故填thankful。26 .考查名词。句意：她还说，她感谢迈耶立即采取行动。动词词组jumped into后接名词作宾语。故填actiono.考查固定短语。句意：她说：“他们说如果我没有及时采取行动，他们不知道是否能救他。我很高兴我 去做了。'固定短语in time及时。故填in。27 .考查冠词。句意：这显然是迈耶在去年11月学习心肺复苏术后第一次使用她的心肺复苏术训练。the first time第一次。故填the。28 .考查非谓语动词。句意：这显然是迈耶在去年11月学习心肺复苏术后第一次使用她的心肺复苏术训练。 介词after后接动词-ing形式。故填learningo.考查非谓语动词。句意：我希望我再也没有机会在现实生活中使用心肺复苏术了。固定短语get thechance to do sth.得到做某事的机会。故填touse。Mr. Green lived in the woods with his wife and children. He 31. (have) a farm, which looked almost abandoned. 32. (lucky) he also had a cow which produced milk every day. He sold or exchanged some of 33. milk in the towns for other food and made cheese 34, butter for the family with what was left. The cow was 35. (them) only means of support, in fact. One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily. While making great 36. (effort) to run away, she fell over the hill and died. Then the Green tried 37. (make) a living without the cow. In order to support his family, Mr. Green began to plant herbs and vegetables. Since the plants took a while to grow, he started cutting down trees to sell the wood.38. (think) about his children's clothes, he started growing cotton too. When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market 39. people from the town met regularly. Now it occurred to him that his farm had much potential (潜力)and that the 40. (die) of the cow was a bit of luck.【答案】. had29 . Luckily 33. the 34.and 35. their 36. efforts 37. to make 38. Thinking 39. where 40. death【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了 Green先生一家人经营农场的生活故事。31. 考查动词时态。句意：他有一个农场，看起来几乎被遗弃了。根据前后文句意可知，此处描述过去发生 的事情，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式。故填had。32. 考查副词。句意：幸运的是，他还有一头每天产奶的奶牛。修饰整个句子应用副词。句首字母大写，故 填 Luckily。33. 考查冠词。句意：他在城镇里卖掉或交换了一些牛奶来换取其他食物，并用剩下的牛奶为家里做奶酪和 黄油。根据句意可知，后文名词milk特指前文所说的“那头奶牛生产的奶"，是特指概念，应用定冠词限定。故填theo34. 考查连词。句意：他在城镇里卖掉或交换了一些牛奶来换取其他食物，并用剩下的牛奶为家里做奶酪和 黄油。前文名词cheese和后文butta是并列关系，一起作动词made的宾语，应用并列连词and连接。故填 ando考查代词。句意:事实上，那头牛是他们唯一的生活来源。根据后文名词短语means of support可知， 此处应用形容词性物主代作定语，限定名词。是故填their。35. 考查名词复数。句意：在努力逃跑的时候，她从山上摔下来死了。effort“努力”是可数名词，因前文没有 不定冠词，零冠词可数名词复数表泛指。故填efforts。36. 考查非谓语动词。句意：于是，格林试着在没有奶牛的情况下谋生。try to do sth"努力或试图干某事”是 固定短语，符合句意，故用不定式作宾语。故填to make。37. 考查非谓语动词。句意：考虑到孩子们的衣服，他也开始种植棉花。分析可知，非谓语动词think和主 语之间是主动关系，故用其现在分词作状语，表示原因。句首字母大写，故填Thinking。38. 考查定语从句。句意：当收获季节到来时，他已经在镇上的人定期聚会的市场上卖草药、蔬菜和棉花了。 分析句子可知，此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为market,关系副词where引导从句，在从句中作地点 状语。故填whereo考查名词。句意：这时他突然想到，他的农场还有很大的潜力，那头牛的死也算是点运气。根据前文定 冠词the可知，此处应用die的名词death作从句中的主语，此处death为不可数名词。故填death。5It is known to us that every year of high school is a hard and busy time. You may have trouble41. (get) enough sleep. We all know that not getting enough sleep is not good for our health, 42. it has been found that less sleep could even cause us43. (have) fewer friends.According to researchers from the University of California, people who don't get enough sleep are less willing to socialize with others.They are44. (simple) too tired to go out.The researchers carried45, a small study. They tested 18 young participants (参与者)who had just had a good night's sleep, and tested them again after a sleepless night. The participants watched videos of people46. (walk) toward them. When each person on the video got too "close" , they could choose to stop the video.The results showed that the participants kept each person at47, stance of 60 percent further back if they hadn't gotten enough sleep. But when the participants got a goodnight's sleep, they allowed the person to get much的 (close) to them.So if you want to be a more sociable and popular person, 49. (sleep) well might help. "One night of goodsleep makes you feel more outgoing and50. (social) confident/ Walker said.【答案】getting39. andto have40. simplyout41. walkinga42. closersleeping43. socially【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲睡眠的重要性，充足的睡眠对一个人有很大的帮助。41 .考查非谓语动词。句意:你可能难以获得充足的睡眠。固定短语have trouble doing sth.做某事有困难。 故填 getting o.考查连词。句意：我们都知道睡眠缺乏对我们的健康不好，并且人们发现睡眠缺乏甚至会导致我们的朋 友更少。前后句之间为并列关系，所以用连词and。故填and。42 .考查非谓语动词。句意：我们都知道睡眠缺乏对我们的健康不好，并且人们发现睡眠缺乏甚至会导致我 们的朋友更少。固定短语cause sb. to do sth,导致某人做某事。故填to have。43 .考查副词。句意：他们只是太累了，不想出去。修饰形容词tired,前用副词形式。故填simply。44 .考查固定短语。句意：研究人员进行了一项小型研究。固定短语carry out开展，进行。故填out。45 .考查非谓语动词。句意：参与者观看人们向他们走来的视频。固定短语watch sb. doing sth.看到某人正 在做某事。故填walk ingo.考查冠词。句意：结果说明，如果参与者没有得到足够的睡眠，他们会让每个人的站姿向后倾斜60%。 名词stance为可数名词，泛指，且发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。46 .考查比拟级。句意：但当参与者睡个好觉时，他们会让那个人离自己更近。结合句意可知，这里much 后加比拟级。故填closer。47 .考查非谓语动词。句意：所以，如果你想成为一个更善于交际、更受欢迎的人，睡个好觉可能会有所帮 助。分析句子结构可知，句中缺少主语，所以用动名词作主语。故填sleeping。48 .考查副词。句意：沃克说：“一晚好的睡眠会让你更外向，在社交上更有自信。”修饰形容词confident, 前用副词形式。故填socially。6Dressing smartly is, of course, important for your confidence and sense of self-empowerment. But your style can do more than just send 51. (message), to your mind or to others. New research shows that the clothes you wear can actually have a significant effect 52, how you think. Professional dress, according to the study, increases abstract thinking and even gives people 53. broader viewpoint. "The degree of formality of clothing not only could affect 54. people assess a person and how people assess themselves, but could influence dec is ion-making in important ways through its influence on the processing style,“ the researchers say. They also find that formal clothing is 55. (associate) with enhanced (增强的)social distance and can increase 56. (psychology) distance between people. When you are more socially distant, you tend 57. (think) in a more distant and abstract way. For example, in distant social situations, titles rather than names 58. (use) to call an unfamiliar person. Even after controlling socioeconomic status, people 59. wear more formal clothing show a stronger preference 60. abstract processing.【答案】messages44. on 53. a 54. how 55. associated 56. psychological 57. to think 58. are used 59. who/thatfor【解析】本文是一篇说明文。研究说明穿衣风格对社交距离及思维方式都有影响。51 .考查名词的数。句意：但你的风格不仅仅是向你的头脑或他人发送信息。分析句子结构可知，设空处需 填入名词，message具有名词词性，为可数名词，横线前无冠词修饰，所以填复数形式messages。故填messages。 52.考查介词。句意：新的研究说明，你穿的衣服实际上会对你的思维方式产生重大影响。词组have an effecton表示“对有影响”，此处缺少介词on,故填on。53 .考查冠词。句意：研究说明，职业着装提高了抽象思维，甚至为人们提供了更广阔的视角。本句中的 viewpoint为可数名词单数形式broader以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a,故填a。54 .考查连接副词。句意：服装的正式程度不仅会影响人们对一个人的评价以及人们对自己的评价方式，还 会通过对加工风格的影响在重要方面影响决策。根据句中的并列连词and可知，设空处引导的从句与“how people assess themselves”是两个并列的宾语从句，由后面句子中的how可知，设空处也填how。故填how。55 .考查非谓语动词。句意：他们还发现，正式的着装与增强的社会距离有关，可以拉大人们之间的心理距 离。分析句子结构可知，and连接两个谓语is与can increase。根据提示词可知，短语be associated with表示 “与 有关”，符合句意，因而设空处填associate的过去分词形式，故填associated。56 .考查形容词。句意：他们还发现，正式的着装与增大的社会距离有关，可以拉大人们之间的心理距离。 distance为名词，设空处需填入形容词，故填psychologicalo.考查非谓语动词。句意：当你在社交上更加疏远时，你倾向于以一种更加疏远和抽象的方式思考。分析 句子结构可知，设空处需填入非谓语形式，tend to do表示“倾向于做某事"，故填to think。57 .考查语态。句意：例如，在远距离的社交场合，称呼陌生人时使用的是头衔而不是名字。分析句子结构 可知，本句中缺少谓语，动词use与主语titles之间是动宾关系，因而用被动语态be done形式，通篇为一般 现在时，考虑主谓一致，故填are used。58 .考查定语从句。句意：即使在掌控了社会经济地位之后，穿着更正式的人对抽象加工的偏好也更强。分 析句子结构可知，设空处引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词people,并在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who 或 thato 故填 who 或 thato.考查介词。句意：即使在掌控了社会经济地位之后，穿着更正式的人对抽象加工的偏好也更强。preference 与for连用表示“偏爱；偏好”，根据句意可知，设空处缺少介词for,故填for。7Global temperature changes are in fact a natural process. However, human demands for energy, manufactured goods, transport and animal products have increased carbon emissions (科F放). We 61. (cause) over 1 of warming since the 19th century. For comparison, it 62. (take) 5,000 years for the Earth to warm up by 4-7 afta, ice ages.The small numbers may seem insignificant, 63. this temperature increase has had a huge impact globally. Sea levels have risen 15cm in the past century. Animals and ecosystems can't keep up with the new rate of change, 64.forces many species into extinction. In turn, this comes back to bother humans, who rely on a balance of allecosystems 65. (keep) our way of life.Unless we completely change our habits, our future could be 66. (hope), In face of climate change, what governments should be focusing on now is promoting 67, use of renewable energy, supporting green farming, and reducing population 68. (grow). Individuals can pay attention to 69. (cut) out car and plane travel, limiting their intake of animal products, and consuming far less manufactured goods. It will take much more than a village, but it's possible and everyone is responsible 70. what happens next.【答案】have caused60. tookbut61. whichto keep62. hopelessthe63. growthcutting64. for【解析】本文是一篇说明文。全球气温变化实际上是一个自然过程。然而，人类对能源、制成品、运输和 动物产品的需求增加了碳排放。面对气候变化，各国政府现在应该关注的是促进可再生能源的使用，支持 绿色农业，以及减少人口增长。61 .考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：自19世纪以来，我们已经造成了超过1摄氏度的升温。句中since 是连词，意思是“自从以来”，引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时，且主句主语 是we,复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。故填havecaused。62 .考查动词时态。句意：相比之下，冰河期之后，地球升温47。(2需要5000年。根据after ice ages可知这 里在描述过去发生的事情，所以句子用一般过去时。故填took。63 .考查连词。句意：这个小数字似乎微缺乏道，但气温上升对全球产生了巨大影响。该句是并列句，前后 分句是转折关系。故填but。64 .考查定语从句。句意：动物和生态系统无法跟上新的变化速度，这迫使许多物种灭绝。前面整个句子作 先行词，在后面的非限制性定语从句中作主语，由关系代词which引导定语从句。故填which。65 .考查非谓语动词。句意：反过来，这又反过来困扰着人类，人类依赖于所有生态系统的平衡来维持我们 的生活方式。此处表目的，应用动词定式。故填to keep。66 .考查形容词。句意：除非我们完全改变我们的习惯，我们的未来可能是无望的。句中be动词后面用形 容词作表语，hope有两个形容词，hopeful的意思是“有希望的，"hopeless的意思是“没有希望的”，根据语 境可知，此处指“无望的"。故填hopeless。67 .考查冠词。句意：面对气候变化，各国政府现在应该关注的是推广可再生能源的使用，支持绿色农业， 减少人口增长。此处特指可再生能源的使用，需用定冠词the。故填the。68 .考查名词。句意同上。此处指“人口的增长“，应用名词growth,故填growth。69 .考查非谓语动词。句意：个人可以注意减少汽车和飞机旅行，限制动物产品的摄入量，并大大减少制造 品的消费。固定短语：pay attention to”注意，重视”，其中to是介词，后面用动名词作宾语。故填cutting。 70.考查介词。句意：这需要的远远不止一个村庄，但这是可能的每个人都要对接下来发生的事情负责。 固定短语：be responsible for”对负责“。故填for。8This year, Zhang Guimei sent 150 female students7 1. college from a free all-girls high school she had started in 2008 in southwest China's deep mountains. For the past 13 years, a total of 1,954 female students 72. (graduate) from this school, the first and only one of its kind in the country. nTo educate a girl is to change the destiny(命运)of three 73. (generation),” Zhang said. 74. 64-year-old teacher from southwest China's Yinnan Province was presented with the July 1 Medal by Xi Jinping at a ceremony in Beijing on Tuesday. Because of her efforts to improve female education in China, more girls can change their destiny.When the People's Republic of China 75. (found) in 1949, female illiteracy(文盲)was much higher than that of their male counterparts(同彳亍). In the 1950s, the Chinese government launched campaigns 76. helped some 16 million females become educated. In recent decades, wiping out illiteracy and 77. (improve) the reading skills of women is regarded as one of the 78. (high) priorities(优先考虑的事)in China, according to the government's guideline for helping the country*s females. The female illiteracy rate for those above age 15 has decreased from 79. (rough) 90% in the early 1950s to 7% in 2019.In 2021, China scored 0.973 in the Global Gender Gap Report 80. (release) by the World Economic Forum (with a score of 1 being completely equal).【答案】to