专题3：细节理解题---2021年高考英语阅读理解解题技巧及真题演练.docx

第三讲：准解题细节理解题（据文比对定答案）细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相比照拟简单，只需 要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文中定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出答案。因此，对于 这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。细节理解题常分为直接信息理解题和问 接信息理解题。所谓直接信息理解题就是在 原文中可以直接找到答案的细节题，常用 who, what, when, where, why 和 how 等疑问词 提问，这类试题主要考查原文中的时间、地 点、人物等信息。间接信息理解题相对于直 接信息理解题要难些，因为此类题目的正确 选项都经过了命题人对原文信息的语义转 换，两者存在表达上的差异。考生不能一眼 就从原文中找出正确答案，而是要稍加归纳 才能得出答案。正 确 选 项 特 征同义替换指对原文句子中的关键词进行 同义替换。如把lose one's job 换成be out of worko有些细节 理解题把原文中的一些词变换 一下词性，如把important变换 成of importance；改变原文中句 子的语态，如主动语态与被动语 态的转换信息 归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比 较分散或复杂的信息,设置为正 确答案正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项原文原词利用原文原词作为正确选项干 扰 选 项 特 征张冠李戴是原文信息，但不是题目要求的 内容无中生有符合常识，但不是文章的内容曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似，只是在 某个细节处有些变动颠倒在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至before ifs too late,J可知，这部电影旨在呼吁年轻人保护地球，应选C。2. Which film will you go to see if you are a poem lover?A. Hot Water.B. To the Wonder.C. Revolution,D. The Fifth Season.解析：选D 细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词a poem lover定位到原文第四部电影 介名白中的“ The Fifth Season, is a poetic meditation （沉思）on nature in a battle against humans” , 由此可知，如果你是一个诗歌爱好者，你可以去看The Fifth SeasonQ3. What do we know about the four films?A. They tell something new about environmental problems.B The environmental film has become the grandest film.C. They are all about humans, negative effects on the ecosystem.D. They will be firstly shown at this year's festival.解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的“To offer fresh views on global environmental issues, this year's festival will include a record of 190 films from 50 countries”可 知，这四部电影提供了关于环境问题的新的视角，应选A。专题跟踪检测1A（2020南昌市高三摸底）Freelance Writers WantedAssociated Content （AC） is an online publishing platform that enables anyone to earn money by writing articles on the Web.Writing for AC is a great work opportunity for students, stay-at-home parents and freelance writers you can work in your own time and submit papers, reviews, essays, etc.on any topic that you have interest in.This is a job you can do anywhere 一 all you need is access to the Internet.Here's how you get started:1. Go to .2. Follow the instructions to register.3. Fill in your profile (简介)，writing down your previous experiences (if any).4. Start submitting articles.You'll begin earning money as soon as your articles are published and the amount is based on the pageviews your articles receive.In addition to our own libraries of content, we have hundreds of partners (content team partners). As such, there are lots of opportunities for our most talented and productive writers to accept partner assignments on an as-needed basis.If you're interested in higher-paying partner assignments, send us a link of your AC profile once you have submitted at least five articles.We will review all submissions and pass them on to our content team partners.If selected, you will start receiving special paid assignments from us on a regular basis, which you are free to accept or ignore.NOTE: We pay our writers salaries via PayPal daily.Any questions? Email us: support crunchhase .语篇解读：本文为在线出版平台AC招聘自由作者的广告，内容包括网上申请程序、工 作内容、报酬等。1. You can write for AC on condition that youA. have rich experience in writingB have access to the InternetC. registerD. are free at home解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第二段尾句"This is a job you can do anywhere 一 all you need is access to the Internet.v可知，申请成为自由作者的必备条件是能上网，故B项正确。2. How much you can earn for your published article depends on.A. the space it coversB. the subject it deals withC. the opinion you voice in the articleD. the pageviews it receives解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据文中的"You'll begin earning money as soon as your articles are published and the amount is based on the pageviews your articles receive.“可知， 稿费的多少 取决于文章的访问量，故D项正确。3. Content team partners are mentioned in the passage to.A. encourage people to write more articles for ACB lay stress on the importance of cooperationC win more support of other business partnersD. show off its abundant libraries of content解析：选A 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后两句"We will review all submissions which you are free to accept or ignore.“可知，作者的稿件将被转交给内容团队合作伙伴，如 果被选中，作者可以收到有偿任务；据此可推知，文中提及“内容团队合作伙伴”旨在鼓励 作者多为AC写作，故A项正确。B（2020合肥市高三调研性检测）Life on the street is a constant struggle for homeless people.In times of extreme weather conditions, that struggle becomes even more difficult.Recently, homeless people across Chicago faced freezing to death if they couldn't find shelter fbr the night.Thankfully, one local woman refused to let that happen.On January 30, 2018, 34-year-old Candice Payne, a local managing broker, was lucky enough to have shelter from the dangerous conditions.“It was _ 20, and I knew they were going to be sleeping on ice and I had to do something, “ said Payne.Payne started brainstorming different ways she could possibly help.Finally, she decided to see if there were any rooms available at local inns and hotels that she could get to help those stuck on the street.For Payne, her mission was personal.According to Payne, her husband, Carlos Callahan, had lived on the streets at one point in his life.Based on his experiences, Payne knew that the homeless people still out on the street desperately needed help and that if she didn't step up to help, no one likely would.However, when Payne explained what she was trying to do, many of the local hotels refused to allow her to pay for the rooms as they didn't want homeless people to stay in their rooms. "No one wanted them, but one hotel, the Amber Inn, was nice enough to allow me to buy the rooms, ” said Payne.Payne's selfless act made news across the country.However, she insisted she had never done it for attention. "I am a regular person, “ said Payne, who spent thousands of dollars of her own money to help complete strangers."It all sounded like a rich person did this, but I'm just a little black girl from the South Side.”语篇解读：本文主要讲述了一位普通的芝加哥女士受到她的丈夫的经历的触动，为防止 无家可归者在大街上被冻死，决定为他们订旅馆的房间。她的无私善举传遍全国。4. What does the underlined word "that" in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Locals living on the street.B The homeless freezing to death.C - The extreme weather.D. The shelter for the homeless.解析：选B 代词指代题。根据第一段尾句Recently, homeless people across Chicago faced freezing to death if they couldn find shelter for the night.,可知，最近，遍布芝力口哥的无 家可归者如果找不到过夜的地方，就会被冻死。结合画线词所在句可知，幸好，一位当地的 女士拒绝让此发生。据此可推知，画线词that指代“The homeless freezing to death”。5. How did Candice Payne help the homeless people?A. By drawing public attention.B - By giving them money directly.C. By taking them to her own house.D. By buying hotel rooms for them.解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第三段尾句“Finally, she decided to see if there were any rooms available at local inns and hotels that she could get to help those stuck on the street.“可长口， Candice Payne最终决定为这些无家可归者订旅馆的房间以免他们被冻死，故D项正确。6. What may contribute to Payne's nice act?A. Her husband's past experiences.B The requests from the homeless.C. Her desire to become famous.D. The coldness of local hotels.解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句"According to Payne, her husbandno one likely would.”可知，由于受到她的丈夫无家可归的经历的触动，她决定帮助这些无家可 归的人，故A项正确。7. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. A Black Fighter Changes the WorldB. A Woman's Curiosity Brings a RewardC. A Regular Woman Makes a DifferenceD. A Couple's Brave Act Moves the Country解析：选C 标题归纳题。根据第二段第一句"Thankfully, one local woman refused to let that happen.”和尾段最后两句并结合全文其他内容可知，本文主要讲述了 一位普通的芝加哥 女士受到她的丈夫的经历的触动，为防止无家可归者在大街上被冻死，决定为他们订旅馆的 房间。她的无私善举传遍全国。故C项最适合作本文的标题。C（2020湖南省名校联盟高三联考）A new device, an anti-solar panel （板），can harvest energy from the cold night sky.The center of the new night light is a thermoelectric generator （热电发电机）.The sky-facing side of the generator is attached to an aluminum plate sealed beneath a transparent cover and surrounded with materials that can keep heat out.This plate stays cooler than the surrounding air by giving off heat it absorbs.Meanwhile, the bottom of the generator is attached to an exposed aluminum plate that is continually warmed by surrounding air.At night, when not baking under the sun, the top plate can get a couple of degrees Celsius cooler than the bottom of the generator.When one side of the generator is cooler than the other, it produces electricity.Engineer Wei Li of Stanford University and colleagues tested a 20-centimeter prototype （雏 形）of the device on a clear December night in Stanford.The generator produced up to about 25 milliwatts of power per square meter of the device - enough to light a small LED or light bulb.The team believes that further design improvements could increase production up to at least 0.5 watts per square meter.The power production is much less than solar panels, but enough for emergency backup power.A typical light bulb might consume a few watts of electricity, says Shanhui Fan, an electrical engineer at Stanford University who worked on the device.So a device that took up a few square meters of roof space could light up a room with energy from the night sky.Aaswath Raman, a materials scientist and engineer at UCLA, also imagines using their team's generator to help power remote weather stations.This may be especially useful in polar （极 地的）regions that don't see sunlight for months, Raman says. "If you have some low-power load and you need to power it through three months of darkness, this might be a way.”语篇解读：文中介绍了通过温差发电的新型发电机。8. Why is the upper side of the generator cooler than the surrounding air?A. It has cool metal.B. It sends out heat.C It takes in no heat.D. It absorbs surrounding air.解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第二段中的"This plate stays cooler than the surrounding air by giving off heat it absorbs.”可知，发电机面向天空的一面比周围的空气温度低，因为它能把 吸收的热量散发出去。9. How does the new device produce electricity?A. By cooling air around it.B , By making a transparent cover.C. By using temperature difference.D. By being exposed to the sunlight.解析：选C 推理判断题。第二段介绍了发电机面向天空的一面比周围的空气温度低, 第三段介绍了发电机的底部持续被加热，夜晚，发电机的上面比下面低好几度。再结合第三 段最后一句"When one side of the generator is cooler than the other, it produces electricity.”可次口, 当发电机的一面比另一面温度低时就会产生电力。由此可推知，该发电机是利用温差发电的。 应选C项。10. What can we learn about the generator?A. It occupies much space to set up.B It's of great use in sunless areas.C. It's widely used around the world.D. It equals solar panels in power production.解析：选B 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“This may be especially useful in polar （极 地的）regions that don't see sunlight for monthsv可知，该发电机在数月都没有阳光的极地很 有用，即它在缺乏阳光的地区用途很大。应选B项。11. What is the engineers, attitude to the future of the device?A. Hopeful.B. Cautious.C. Uncertain.D. Objective.解析：选A 观点态度题。根据第四、五段的内容，尤其是“So a device that took up a few square meters of roof space could light up a room with energy from the night sky” “If you have some low-power load and you need to power it through three months of darkness, this might be a way”可知，这些工程师们都认为该设备很实用，即对其前景充满希望。应选A项。奠定美好开局。是非完全相反正误参半局部正确，局部错误一、直接信息理解题题文比对速判定在解答直接信息理解题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”。 先从题干中提取关键词（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找 与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段、哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细 比对所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程 图如下：第一步依据题干信息， 选择定位关键词0第二步:关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和 数词，即题干的核心信息。I依据关键词,回原文定位信息进行比对，确定了定位关键词后，运用略读及寻;读的技巧快速回到原文进行信息定 T位,然后将选项内容与原文信息比对,;得出正确答案。I典例（2020全国卷II阅读D）As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries.! encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book.I see libraries as a safe haven （避风港）for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book.Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy （盗版行为）and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can.Encourage readers to use the library.Share library announcements on your social media.Frequent them and talk about them when you can.34. What does the author call on other writers to do?A. Sponsor book fairs.B. Write for social media.C. Support libraries.D. Purchase her novels.解题示范 第一步：文中寻找信息源第二步：题文比对定答案抓关键题干中的关键词：the author, call on, other writers锁信息定位：用 the author, call on, other writers 寻读，在文中找到信息源Libraries, intheir own way, help fight book piracy （盗版行为）and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can.选项选项意思选项定位A赞助图书展览会。无中生有B为社交媒体写作。曲解文意C支持图书馆。原文原词D购买她的小说。张冠李戴分析比对选项和信息句可知，作者号召其他作家支持图书馆；选项和原文 中均出现 support libraries,应选 C。二、间接信息理解题二次加工慎判定为了更好地考查考生的语言能力和思维品质，命题人往往会对具体细节信息加以修饰或 转换，以间接的方式来考查考生。如果说直接信息理解题是直来直去考，那么间接信息理解 题那么是拐弯抹角考。直接信息理解题检索出信息就可得出答案，而间接信息理解题需对检索 出的信息进行二次加工才能得出答案。间接信息理解题常采用以下4种命题方式。命题方式（一）转换表述考知识的广度使用同义词或近义词甚至反义词来替换关键词，例如使用ask来替换文中的require,使 用 less different 来替换文中的 more in common 等。典例1 （2020天滓高考阅读A）Join targeted reading groups.Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions targeted to various age groups.Perhaps you'd like to learn a language or improve your English.The library may sponsor a language group you could join.If you have difficulties reading, ask about special reading opportunities.Your library might be able to accommodate you.And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.38. As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allowsA. the kid to learn a new languageB the parent to enjoy quiet readingC. the kid to overcome reading difficultiesD. the parent to meet their program sponsor分析：节选段中“bring”的语意和题干中的关键词taking是一致的，都表示“带”；段落 中“sit quietly in a corner with a good book”和选项 B 中的 enjoy quiet reading 同义，由此可以判 断此题答案为B。命题人使用了同义词替换，使得整个具体细节信息被转换，成为一道具有 一定迷惑性的试题，在考查具体细节信息的同时考查了考生的语言能力和思维品质。命题方式（二）加工细节考思维的灵活对具体细节信息进行加工，尤其是年代、数量、顺序等，需要考生进行简单的计算或者 思考，但此类试题不重在考查考生的计算能力，而重在考查考生对具体细节信息的处理，故 试题设置一般都是简单的计算或替换。典例2 （2018全国卷I阅读C）At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number （中位数）of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A. About 6,800.B. About 3,400.C. About2,400.D. About 1,200.分析：此题考查目前使用人数缺乏6000人的语言有多少种，答案无法在文章中直接查 找到。但是阅读所给段落我们可以发现，该段的第一句讲明了目前在用的语言约有6 800种， 该段最后一句又说明了世界语言使用者有一半达不到中位数6 000人，故此题的答案就 在于这两个数字的简单运算，即小于6 800的一半，是约3 400。故此题选B。命题方式（三）归纳概括注重分析综合为了增加细节信息试题的难度，命题人有时候也会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题，一 个细节信息试题涉及一段或者几段的具体内容，需要考生进行概括和归纳后才能回答，虽然 此类试题各个细节信息都能在文章中找到，但需要考生具有一定的概括和归纳能力。典例3 （2019全国卷I阅读C）lAs data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric （生物测量）technologies - like fingerprint scans - to keep oth