英语句子成分和结构讲解分析划分与练习.docx

句子结构及成分相关概念1.词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果 我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话, 我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时 一定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母原词代表词性几noun名词verb动词vt.transitive verb及物动词VI,intransitive verb不及物动词modal v.modal verb情态动词aux, v.auxiliary verb助动词adj.adjective形容词adv.adverb副词num.numeral数词interj.inteijection感叹词pron.pronoun代词prep.preposition介词art.article冠词conjconjunction连词2.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。 实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物 动词。The door opened.(open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door,此时,open是及物动词。)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词， 关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相 同。如：The meeting began at six. < vi.>We began the meeting at six. < vt. >有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义 不同。如：The man walked away, (walk 不及物动词，意为“走”) He walked the dog every day. ( walk 及物动词，“遛”) She washes clothes at home, (wash 及物动词，“洗") The clothes washes well, (wash 不及物动词，"耐'洗") 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。 He listens to the music every day. (listen 为不及物动词， 而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)指出以下句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词， 及物动词填Vt.,不及物填VZ.O考点 1. Most birds can fly.()考，点2 The children are flying kites in the park.() 考点3. It happened yesterday.()考点4. My watch stopped.()考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother.()考，点6 She spoke at the meeting this morning. ( ) 考点7. Shall I begin at once?()考，点8 She began working as a teacher after she left school.()()考点9. When did they leave Beijing?()He is a teacher.他是一名教师。持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, remain, stay, lie, stando 如:He kept silent at the meeting.他开会时保持沉默。This matter remains a mystery. 此事 仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空 了 数年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。表“像”系动向用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, looko 如：Something seems wrong.好像出过失了。He appears young.他看起来很年轻。感官系动词感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”，smell “闻起来"，sound “听起来”，taste "尝起来，This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯 了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer.蛋夏 天容易 变坏。His face went red.他的脸变红了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep.静水流深。终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out,表达“证 实“，“变成”之意。如:The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他预言的结果是错的。用下画线画出以下句中的系动词。1. His advice proved right.2. The shop stays open till 8 o'clock.3. The machine went wrong.4. All these efforts seem in vain.5. These words sound reasonable.6. The room soon became crowded.7. The days are getting longer and longer.8. He fell ill yesterday.9. Trees turn green in spring.10. What you said sounds great.系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语He is a student. (S V P)Your idea soundssreat. (S V P)在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要 和系动词一起作谓语。改错：10Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.Your book on the desk.答案及解析：Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much.（句中没有谓语动词）Your book is on the desk.（句中没有谓语动词）基本句型三：S V O （主+谓+宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。如：She likes English.We olanted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.用下画线画出以下句中的宾语。练习 1. People all over the world speak English.练习 2. Jim cannot dress himself.练习 3 All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.练习 4. He did not know what to say.练习 5 He just wanted to stay at home.练习 6. He practices speaking English every day.基本句型四：S V o O （主+谓+间宾+直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give “给”, pass“递"，bring “带二show “显示”。这两个宾语 通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。 间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。以: He gave me a cup of tea. （S V o 0）强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.假设直接宾语为人称代词：动词+代词直接宾语+ 介词+间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please.（不能说 Bring me it, please.）常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助 to 的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write 等。（需借助 for 的）buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play（演奏），save, sing, spare 等。一般用t。多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make0He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.二 He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book.二 She bought a book for John.分析以下句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.He brought you a dictionary.He denies her nothing.I showed him my pictures.I gave my car a wash.I told him that the bus was late.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型五：S VOC （主+谓+宾+宾补）此句型的句子特点是：动词虽然是及物动词， 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加 上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的 成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们 一起构成复合宾语。The war made him a soldier. （ S V 0 C “他成为一个 士兵”，构成逻辑上的主谓关系）New methods make the iob easy. （ S V 0 C ）I often find Mm at work. （ S V 0 C ）The teacher asked the students to close the windows.- - - -一一_ - _ （S V o c）a cat running across the road.分析以下句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什 么充当句子的宾语补足语。1. They appointed him manager. ()2. They painted the door green. ()3. He pushed the door open. ()4. They found the house deserted. ()5. What makes him think so? ()6. We saw him out.()7. He asked me to come back soon. ()1. 1 saw them getting on the bus. ()9. We all think it a pity that she didn't come here.( )10. Til have my bike repaired. ()11. We elected him monitor. ()12. Don't keep the lights burning. ()there be 句型此句型是由“there + be +主语+状语”构成， 用以表达“存在有"。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主 语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词（也有 看作形式主语的），并无实际意义。be与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和数的变 化。现在时 there is / are .过去时 there was / were.将来时 there will be./there is / are going to be.完成时 there has / have been.简单句、可能有 there might be.肯定有 there must be ./ there must have been.过去曾经有 there used to be .彳以乎有 there seem / seems / seemed to be .碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be .可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词代替be动词。此时还表示存在有，但表意要更具体一些。如：There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.There came a shout for "help”.There exists no air on the moon.There lies a book on the desk.There stands a tree on the hill. a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.A. It existedB. There existedC. They hadD. There hada beautiful palace the foot of the hill.A. There stand;atB. There stands; underC. Stands there;under D. There stands; atthere be与have的区别there be"某地有某物,某时有某事"；have表示“某人拥有某物”。改错：There has a book on the desk.There will have a meeting this evening.并列句和复合句句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句O只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。如：简单句12He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.(画线局部为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单 句。)并列句由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两 个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意，逗 号是不可以连接句子的，这一点和汉语不同。如：You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only.but also., neither.nor., then 等连接。The teacher's name is Smith, and the student9s name is John.He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.表示选择，常用的连词有or, either.or., otherwise 等。Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when 等 oHe was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.复合句复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一 个主谓结构作另一个的成分。(而并列句的两个主 谓结构间是并列关系，而不是附属关系。)当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句 子就成为复合句了。I . It is wrong.（只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）II What he said is wrong.III. （what he said,是一个主谓结构，he为主语， said 为谓语，what 是宾语。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构，What he said作主语，是主 语从句；is wrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是 复合句。）The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个 主谓结构，是简单句。）IV. The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.V. （The boy over there is my brother.只有一个 主谓结构，是简单句。当over there变为who is wearing a hat时（也是一个主谓结构），整个句子 就变成了复合句，who is wearing a hat是定语从 句o ）I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个 主谓结构，是简单句。）VI. I was doing my homework when he came i<.VII. （I was doing my homework 是一个主谓结构， he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构 作前一个的时间状语，是时间状语从句。因此本 句是复合句o ）从上面这几个句子，我们可以看出：一个句子如果含有从句，如名词性从句（主语从句、 宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状 语从句等，这个句子就是复合句。复合句的从句和主句之间要用连接词连接。在上面句1中，what是连接词；在句2中，关系 代词who就是连接词；在句3中，when起连接 作用。判断以下句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.There is a chair in this room, isn't there?My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.What he said at the meeting is very important, isn't it?The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm.It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子 结构和句意来判别说出以下复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。You can find it where you left it.()Tell me the address where he lives.()I don't know where he comes from.()Where he was born is not known yet.()This place is where they once lived.()一个句子有两个主谓结构时，要考虑它们之间的连接 问题一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简 单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。这时我们就 要考虑连接词的问题o直接用逗号连接的两个简单句 是错误的。这时，我们有四种方法来改正这个错句： 改为并列句：我们可以使用and, so, but等并列连词来 把它们连接起来。改为复合句：加上附属连词，把其中的一个分句改为 状语从句、定语从句或名词性从句。改为简单句：把其中的一个主谓结构的谓语破坏掉， 从而使其变成独立主格结构。改标点：把逗号改为分号（根据句意有时也可用冒号、 破折号等）。I like English, my English is very good, xI like English and my English is very good. 4 （并歹句） As I like English, my English is very good. N （含有原 因状语从句的复合句）I like English; my English is good. 4 （用分号）I liking English, my English is very good. N "巴一个分 句改为独立主格结构）I have a house, its windows are very big. xI have a house and its windows are very big. N （并歹”句） I have a house, whose windows are very big. N （含有定 语从句的复合句）I have a house; its windows are big. 4 （用 分号）I have a house, its windows very big. N （后面为独立主 格结构）利用英语句子结构规律做以下各题。Five people won the “China's green figure“ award, a title to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A. is givenB. was given1414C. being given D. givenAll the preparations for the task, and we're ready to start.A. completedB. completeC. had been completed D. have been completed2006 辽宁】I was told that there were about 50 foreign students Chinese in the school, most were from Germany.A. study; of whom B. study; of themC. studying; of them D. studying; of whomEverywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, with smiles.A. their faces are shiningB. whose faces shiningC. their faces shiningD. faces shining whoseMany students around, I explained the story intodetails.A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standingI have five friends, some of are businessmen.A. that B. whom C. they D. themI have five friends, but none of are businessmen.A. that B. whom C. they D. them2013 上海】 at the photos, illustrations, title and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.8 . Mary正在看书。9 .李明喜欢在课余时间打网球。10 .她递给我一把尺子。11 .爸爸给我买了一台电脑。12 .叔叔从美国给我带来了一台数码相机。13 .我发现这篇文章很难理解。14 .我听到有人在大厅唱歌。15 .美国人选举了一位黑人做他们的总统。16 .我回家的时候发现门破了。17 .小男孩想让我帮他把他哥哥扶进轮椅。18 .这本书被发现在书架顶上。19 .你说的听起来很有意思。20 .他笑了。21 .孩子们玩得很开心。22 .格林一家喜欢住在中国。23 .他成了一名著名的医生。24 .我们叫那个女孩Lily。25 .我们发现它很有用。26 .老师让她不要去。27 .我们每天都有课。28 .你能把自行车借给我吗？A. To lookB. LookingC. Having lookedD. Look汉译英练习：1 .事情变了。2 .没有人去那里。3 .她消失在黑暗中。4 . Jim变得越来越瘦了。5 .他们看起来对数学感兴趣了。6 .这些食物很美味。7 .我能帮你吗？考点 10. They left last week.（）3 .实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义 和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near, （live"住"，有明确的意义，单独 作谓语，为实义动词。）I like reading, （like "喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓 语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought "买"，意义明确， 单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的“助''是"协助”之意。所以，助动词是 指那些用来协助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问 句、否认句、倒装句和协助强调的词。这些词本身 无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。协助构成时态的：The boy is crying.（is用来协助构成现在实行时,和 crying一起作谓语，是助动词。）He has arrived, （has用来协助构成现在完成时，和 arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。）I have been painting all day. （have been 用来协助构成 现在完成实行时，和painting 一起作谓语，都是助动 词。）协助构成否认句和疑问句的：Does he like English? （does协助构成一般疑问句,没有 具体意义，是助动词。）He doesn't have lunch at home, （does 仅仅协助构成否认 句，没有具体意义，是助动词。）协助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring, （are 协助构成被动语态，没 有具体意义，是助动词。）The house has been pulled down, （has been 协助构成时 态和语态，是助动词。）协助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldn't have made such a mistake.（had, have协助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于 谓语的一局部。）协助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.（他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她 买了很多礼物。did仅仅协助构成倒装句，没有具体意 义，是助动词。）协助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday.（他昨天确实来过。did起强调作 用，没有具体意义，是助动词。）所以能够看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have,它们 为基本助动词。一个词既能够作实义动词也能够作助动词，具体是 哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven o'clock.（did 单独作谓语， 意为“做”,是实义动词。）Did he do his homework yesterday? （did 是助动词，协助 构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义 动词。）He has had breakfast, （has是助动词，协助构成现在完 成时，had是实义动词,意为“吃”。has had 一起构成 了句子的谓语。）指出以下斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i. Does （） he like （ ） swimming?ii. He does () like ( ) swimming.iii. Where does ) he live ( )?iv. He does () some washing after work.v. He has () had () supper already.vi. The bridge has) been( ) built ) now.vii. I have () been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.viii. He was () struck () by a stone.ix.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要 和实义动词一起作谓语。所以，情态动词也称为情 态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基 本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。 如：He can swim across the ri ver. (can 的词义为“能够”) You must stay at home, (must 词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow. (might 的词义为“或许”)4 .谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再 出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构 成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing构成动名词或现在分 词，或在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓 语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原 因。1. Get up early is good for our health.2. 早起有利于我们的身体健康。1. I want go home now.我现在想回家。4. My favorite sport is play football.5. 我最喜爱的运动是踢足球。6. There is a bird sings in the tree.7. 有一只鸟正在树上唱歌。8. The boy sits over there likes singing.9. 坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。10. The house was built last year has been sold out.11. 去年建的那座房子已经出售了。12. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.13. 在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。14. My parents wanted him work hard.15. 我父母亲想让他努力学习。16. I remember saw him that day.17. 我记得那天看见过他。1.1 1 saw him walked into the building.我看到他跑进那座建筑物。5 .主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1. wonderf