英语高考7选5阅读之解题技巧-刘勇word版本.ppt

英英语高考高考7 7选5 5阅读之解之解题技巧技巧-刘勇刘勇短文特征（说明文）全文或者各段落，一般为“总-分”或者“总-分-总”结构，有主题段和主题句，交代本文和本段的中心思想，然后再展开或讨论这个主题。全文层次分明，条理清晰，逻辑严密，在语篇结构上通常使用明显的语言和格式标记，便于理解。指导性说明文中常有ways,methods,skills,techniques,suggestions,tips,steps,how(todosth)等标志性词汇。每个建议或方法一般单独成段，或常有“”等标记。主要考点1.主旨大意题：选出段落小标题或主题句。2.句际关系题：正确选项与上下文之间主要有解释例证、转折对比、因果、递进、顺承或顺序、并列排比、概括归纳等逻辑关系。此为考察的重点。设空或选项特点1.设空处通常是完整的句子，但也有可能是并列分句或从句，甚至是逗号隔开的短语（通常是状语）。七个选项都与短文有关，多为完整的句子，句型不一，长短不同，七个备选项通常由短到长排列。2.设空的位置可在段首，段中或段尾。3.正确的选项通常有三种：主旨概括句（考察对文章或段落的归纳概括能力),过渡性句子（考察对文章结构的把握能力），注释性句子（考察对上下文逻辑意义的理解能力）解题技巧一、根据位置线索解题二、根据逻辑线索解题三、根据词汇线索解题解题技巧一：根据位置信息解题1.问题设在段首（三种可能）：通常是段落主题句。短小精悍，多为名词性短语或祈使句。阅读此段剩余内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找相关词或者同义词，从而锁定答案。与后文是并列、转折、因果等关系。着重阅读后文一二句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。正确选项与后文的句子在意思上是衔接的，因此通常这两句话之间会有某种衔接手段。段落间的过渡句。此时要瞻前顾后找启示，阅读上一段结尾。通常正确选项可以承上启下，起到两段之间很好的过渡作用。例例1:In order to make a change,you need to decide why its important.Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family,get in some exercise,or just be better prepared for your day?Once you are clear about your reasons,tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.答案：Find the right motivation.（主题句）例2：However,he is not a fish.Because he must breathe air,he cant stay under the water surface for any length of time.To explore deep water,man faces even more dangers and problems.答案：Man wants to explore deep into the sea.（与后文转折关系并启示下文内容。）解题技巧一：根据位置信息解题2.问题设在段中：通常正确选项的句子在语境和逻辑方面和上下文有密切的关系，通常为过渡句或细节注释句。注意句际体现时间、原因、方式、转折等逻辑关系的关联词以及逻辑性插入语等。例3:Practicesafewearandcareofcontactlenses(隐形眼镜）.ManyAmericansusecontactlensestoimprovetheireyesight.Whilesomefollowthemedicalguidanceforwearingcontactlenses,manyarebreakingtherulesandputtingtheireyesightatrisk.Otherwise,youmayhaveproblemssuchasredeyes,painintheeyes,oramoreseriouscondition.答案：Alwaysfollowthedoctorsadviceforappropriatewear.（注意祈使句与otherwise的搭配逻辑）例4:Unfortunately,weveallbeenvictimsofbetrayal.Whetherwevebeenstolenfrom,liedto,misled,orcheatedon,therearedifferentlevelsoflosingtrust.Sometimespeoplesimplycanttrustanymore.37Itsunderstandable,butifyourewillingtobuildtrustinarelationshipagain,wehavesomestepsyoucantaketogetyouthere.答案：Theyvebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycantbeartoletithappenagain.(前后因果关系，注释无法再信任的原因，并与下文understandable衔接。)解题技巧一：根据位置信息解题3.问题设在段尾：通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信息词，如therefore,asaresult,thus,hence,inshort,tosumup,toconclude,inaword等词语。与前文之间是转折或者对比关系。与前文之间是并列排比或递进关系。此时，正确选项的作用往往是补全说明本段主题的其他细节。解题时注意查找表示并列或递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或同义词等其他线索。承上启下，引出下一段的内容。此时注意看下一段的开头几句，看选项中是否有与之紧密衔接的句子。例5:HowtoreducefoodwasteItwasreportedrecentlythatintheUK,wethrowawayuptoonethirdofthefoodwebuyeachweek.Thisamountsto6.7milliontonsoffoodeachyear.Asthefoodcrisisincreasesaroundtheworld,itmakessenseforustoreducetheamountoffoodwewaste.36答案Thiswillsaveusmoneytoo-imaginesavingathirdofyourweeklyfoodbill!（补充解释makessense的理由并归纳概括上文）Herearesometipstohelpyoureducefoodwaste.Makeamenuplan.Thinkaboutthemealsthatyourfamilyenjoysmostandmakeamenuplanfortheweek.Writedowntheingredientsyouneedforeachmealonalist.Thereisnothingworsethanpushingatrolley(手推车）aroundasupermarketaimlesslywithnoideasaboutyourmealsforthefollowingweek.37.答案：Youoftenendupwithlotsofingredientsthatdontgotogether!（解释上文语句的结果）例6:Everyonewantstosucceedintheirlife,dontthey?Evenasateenager,youcanachievesuccessinyourlife;itreallyisntthathard.31Dowellinschool.Nomatterhowboringitisnow,educationwillhelpyoubeaproductivememberinsociety.Tryyourbestforexcellenceinschool;listentotheteachers,doyourhomework,study,andgetgoodgrades.Doingsowillhelpyougetintoabetteruniversity,whichwillenableyoutohaveabrightfuture.32答案：31:Herearesomeimportantpointsthatyoumayfindhelpful.(承上启下）32:Schoolsetsyouupontherighttrack!（归纳概括）解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题语篇是指比单个句子长的语言单位（句群、段落、篇章等）。语篇中的各种逻辑关系通常是通过语篇标志词来体现的。对语篇标志词了解得越多，就可以更好地理解语篇的结构和要表达的内容，为解题提供帮助。七选五阅读中常见的逻辑关系：1.解释例证关系：前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子或具体解释说明。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。常见的表示例证关系的标志词有：forexample/instance,infact/asamatteroffact,actually,inotherwords/thatis（tosay）thatmeans等。解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题2.转折对比关系:主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。表示转折关系的标志词有：but,however,yet,while，though，although,or/otherwise,onthecontrary,instead(of),nevertheless(然而),still,in/bycontrast/comparison,ontheotherhand,unfortunately,whereas,unlike,ratherthan,itistruethat,evenif/though,despite,inspiteof等。解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题3.因果关系:主要指前后的句子有着前因后果或者前果后因等关系。表示因果关系的标志词有：so,therefore,thus，consequently,asaresult(of）,so/suchthat.,sothat，because(of),for,since,as,hence,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inthat,forthisreason等。解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题4.递进关系：对前文进行加深解释。表示递进关系的标志词有：whatsmore,whatsworse,tomakemattersworse,inaddition/additionally,besides，further，furthermore,moreover等。解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题5.顺承或顺序关系：上下文按照时间、空间、事理或逻辑上的顺序表达连续的动作或相关情况。标志词有：afterwards,atfirst,atlast,finally,first,firstly,inthefirstplace,tostart/beginwith，inthemeantime,last,later,next,second,secondly,then,third,thirdly等。解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题6.并列或排比关系：句子共同为一个观点看法服务。标志词有：and,or,too,also,someothers,foronething,foranotherthing,neithernor,eitheror,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,thesameas,likewise,similarly,aswell,notbut,notonly.butalso，等。解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题7.概括归纳关系:对下文（段首空）或前文（段中或段尾空）进行概括归纳。标志词有：inshort,inbrief,insummary,generallyspeaking,ingeneral,toconclude,inconclusion,inaword,onthewhole,tosumup等。解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题例7(解释例证关系)There are three main types of cryptography（密码术）.37,For example,the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me.”答案：You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spelt out.解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题例8(转折对比关系)（同时参见例2、例3）This could be watching TV or listening to music.Doing some exercises earlier in the day should help you feel physically as well as mentally tired._However,coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake.A.So,whats a good sleep?B.A bedtime drink can also help.C.Having a good sleep will keep you lively the whole day.答案：B 此题还可以根据其他逻辑线索或词汇线索得出答案解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题例9(因果关系)Thereisnodoubtthat,inanincreasinglycompetitivetradingenvironment,wearebetterequippedthanevertocompeteandtowinandwefeelincreasinglyoptimistic._.答案：Thisisduetoournowhavingaclearstrategywithafocusonthecustomerandproductimprovement.解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题例10(递进关系)Itseemsurgent,thatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved._Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.A.Communicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldalsobekeptsmoothandpolite.B.Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.C.Thepublicshouldobeytherules.答案：A解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题例11(顺承或顺序关系)Takinggoodnotesisatimesavingskillthatwillhelpyoutobecomeabetterstudentinseveralways._Second,yournotesareexcellentmaterialstorefertowhenyouarestudyingforatest.Third,note-takingoffersA.Usewords,notcompletesentences.B.Youmustwriteyournotesonseparatepaper.C.First,thesimpleactofwritingsomethingdownmakesiteasierforyoutounderstandandremember.D.Therearethreepracticalnote-takingmethods.答案：C例12(并列或排比关系)WarmUp.17Youshouldntevenstarthavingsportsuntilyourealittlewarmedup.Sotakealightjogtogetloosenedupandreadytoplay.Bywarmingup,yougetyourselfreadytoplay.Warmingupyourmusclesandpracticingasporthelpkeepyousafe,too.KnowtheRulesoftheGame.Trafficlightshelptopreventcrashesbetweenthemanycarsandtrucksthatdriveontheroadstogether.Thisworksbecausedriversknowtherulesandfollowthem-atleastmostofthetime.18Whenplayersknowtherulesofthegame,youandtheotherplayersknowwhattoexpectfromeachother.A.Watchoutforothers.B.Itsnotagoodideatojustruntothefieldandstartplayingdirectly.C.Dontplaywhenyouareinjured.D.Itsthesamewaywithsports.答案：18D答案：17B解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题例13(概括归纳关系)_Everyday,whenshecomesbackhomefromwork,shesetsaboutdoinghousework,sweepingthelivingroomandbedroomsorcleaningthefurniture,andputtingeverythinginorder.Sheseemstobebusyallthetime.Motherneverbuysexpensivedressesforherself,butsheoftenbuyssomeinexpensivebuthighqualityclothesforus.A.Shenevergoestoexpensiverestaurantstoenjoymeals.B.Mymotherishard-workingandneverwastesmoney.C.Asamother,shetakesgoodcareofusandgivesuseverycomfort.答案：B解题技巧二：根据逻辑线索解题解题技巧三：根据词汇线索解题词汇线索主要指利用语篇中起衔接作用的词汇或者上下文以及选项中重现的词汇或结构。观察发现并利用这种具有启示性的词汇线索，从而能够快速准确选定正确选项，也是解答七选五题型的重要策略之一。具体而言，词汇线索主要包括以下几种：1.代词线索2.数词线索3.词汇复现4.词汇同现5.结构复现七选五阅读中常见的代词有：it,one,that,they/them,this/that,these/those,everyone,everybody,each,both,all,many等.英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的人、物、事或整句概念。凡在选项中或空格前后遇到代词，就需要考虑该代词指代上下文中的什么内容，代入选项后上下文意义是否通顺并合乎逻辑。代词中需要特别注意人称代词、指示代词以及不定代词以及代词所指代的名词的单复数与代词的对应。1代词线索例题14：Thenewdesignwaswellreceivedbythereceptionstaffofthehotelchain._答案：Theyallbelievethatitsintroductionhasledtoamodern,moreprofessionalcorporateimageandgreaterconfidenceamongthem.例15：Itisimportant,therefore,weshouldknowwhatpeopleusingourstoreswantofus._Duringthepasttwoyears,wehavebeenworkinghardtoimprovethestandardofourproductsinboththeseareas.答案：Theresearchmadebythecompanyshowsthat,aboveallelse,customersexpectfashionandvalue.2数词线索包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如ratio,rate等等。作者列出数字，除了和其他数字进行对比和比较之外，还可以用数据来说明一个观点。例16AsinChina,theweatherisdifferentfromareatoarea.1Thetemperaturescanfallto60,whichis60belowfreezing.Inthecapital,Ottawa,theaverageofwintertemperatureis-10,andinsummer21.2TheaverageJanuarytemperatureis3,andinJulyitis18.A.Canadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheworld.B.ThewestcoastofCanadaisthewarmestplaceinwinter.C.IntheNorth,thewintersarelongandhardwithsnowforsixmonths.答案：2B答案：1C3词汇复现即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述。因此上下文中和正确选项中可能会复现原词、同根词、同义词、近义词、反义词等。例17：Youdontshowyoursecretpersonalitywhenyouareawakebecauseyoucancontrolyourbehavior,butwhenyouareasleep，yoursleepingpositionshowstherealyou答案：Everyonehasgottwopersonalitiestheonethatisshowntotheworldandtheotherthatissecretandreal例18：_Theimageincludesthewayyoulook,thewayyouact,thewayyoutalkandthewayyouthink.Interestingly,ourself-imagesareoftenquitedifferentfromtheimagesothersholdaboutus.A.Dontallowdoubtstooccurinit.B.Alwaysloveyourself.C.Self-imageisyourownmindspictureofyourself.答案：C4词汇同现属于语义上相互关联的词语或者跟此词汇属于同一领域的词汇在上下文中同时出现，达到语义衔接的目的。如：school,teacher,student,headmaster,class,test,fail,pass,learn等就可能出现在同一篇和学校相关的文章中。（但要注意命题陷阱，切忌当同样的词，同样的名字或同样的日期都在选项和节选段落中出现，就认为它们是正确的选项，一定要符合逻辑，确保文章内容严谨。）例19：Certainkeyproductshavebeensubjecttoathoroughreview,mostnotablymenswear,wheresignificantadvanceshavebeenmadeinproductdesignandmanufacture._.Allofthesehavereportedanincreaseinmarketshare.答案：Otherareaswhereproductinnovationhasbeenparticularlyeffectiveareinlingerie,（女士内衣）giftsandhomeware.例2039Thismaysurpriseyou,butoneofthebesttoolsformakingcookingworthyourtimeisexperimentation.Itgivesyouthechancetohituponnewideasandrecipesthatcanworkwellwithyourappetiteandschedule.Themoreyoulearnandthemoreyoutry,themoreabilityyouhavetotakecontrolofyourfoodandyourschedule.A.Trynewthings.B.Abilityiseasilyimproved.C.Makethreeorfourinstead.D.Understandyourfoodbetter.E.Cookingisaburdenformanypeople.答案：A5结构复现相同或者接近的句子结构以并列或者排比等方式在上下文中反复出现，也是解题的一种重要线索。例21IfyoulistentoMuzak（背景音乐）carefully,youwillprobablyrecognizethenamesofmanyofthesongs.SomemusiciansorsongwritersdontwanttheirsongstobeusedasMuzak,butothersarehappywhentheirsongsarechosen.Why?73.Musicisoftenplayedinpublicplacesbecauseitisdesignedtomakepeoplefeellesslonelywhentheyareinanairportorahotel.IthasbeenproventhatMuzakdoeswhatitisdesignedtodo.TiredofficeworkerssuddenlyhavemoreenergywhentheyhearthepleasantsoundofMuzakinthebackground.74Supermarketshoppersbuy38percentmoregroceries.答案：73.Theygetasmuchas$4millionayeariftheirsongsareused.74.Factoryworkersproduce13percentmore.总结：七选五阅读理解题的解题策略:n速读全文，了解文章总体结构。重点关注每段首尾句或小标题，了解大意和主题。n细读文章，遇空逐一浏览备选项，同时综合利用各种解题线索：根据设空位置及其特点解题利用上下文之间的逻辑线索解题利用词汇线索解题利用排除法：已经确定为某题答案的选项，在剩余题目的解答中不再考虑。代入答案，通读全文，检查核对。此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢