小句复合体.ppt

小句复合体Lecture4小句复合体小句：语法中的最高单位。它是及物性、语气和主位等系统的起点，分别同时通过三个结构层得到体现（及物性结构、语气结构和主位结构）。小句体现了经验意义、人际意义和语篇意义，在非标记（unmarked）的情况下也通过调群（tone group）来体现。小句复合体YClausecomplex:AsentencecanbeinterpretedClausecomplex:Asentencecanbeinterpretedasaclausecomplex:aHeadclausetogetherwithasaclausecomplex:aHeadclausetogetherwithotherclausesthatmodifyit.Acombinationofotherclausesthatmodifyit.Acombinationofclausesrelatedparatacticallyorhypotacticallybutclausesrelatedparatacticallyorhypotacticallybutnotthroughembedding;themodeofcombinationnotthroughembedding;themodeofcombinationisthemodeoforganizationofthelogicalsubtypeisthemodeoforganizationofthelogicalsubtypeoftheideationalmetafunction.oftheideationalmetafunction.YForexample,clausescombinedthroughForexample,clausescombinedthroughcoordinationformaclausecomplex.coordinationformaclausecomplex.YThenotionofclausecomplexthusenablesustoThenotionofclausecomplexthusenablesustoaccountinfullforthefunctionalorganizationofaccountinfullforthefunctionalorganizationofsentences(cf.Halliday1994:216).sentences(cf.Halliday1994:216).JParataxis:Logicalinterdependencybetweenclauseswheretheinterdependentsareofequalstatus.JRoughlycomparabletocoordinationintraditionalgrammar.Iftwoclausesarerelatedparatactically,theprimaryoneisinitiating(1),andthesecondaryonecontinuing(2).|IswitchedonmyTVset|andtherewasaprogramaboutwhales.|IswitchedonmyTVset|andtherewasaprogramaboutwhales.|12|Letsfaceit,|thehumanbodyislikeacondominiumapartment.|12Hypotaxis:Logicalinterdependencybetweenclauseswheretheinterdependentsareofunequalstatus.ThusoneoftheclausescanbeseenasaHeadbeingmodifiedbytheother(s).Iftwoclausesarerelatedhypotactically,theprimaryoneisdominant(a),andthesecondaryonedependent(b).Roughlycomparabletosubordinationintraditionalgrammar.Thetraditionaltermsubordinationdoesusuallynotdifferentiatehypotaxisandembedding(rankshiftedclauses).|Fearofflyingisquiterational|becausehumanbeingscannotfly.|Fearofflyingisquiterational|becausehumanbeingscannotfly.|aa b b|Becausehumanbeingscannotfly,|fearofflyingisquite|Becausehumanbeingscannotfly,|fearofflyingisquite b b a arational.|rational.|Embedding:rankshiftedclausesclauseaspartof(nominal)group(downrankedtopartofconstituent)clauseasparticipant(downrankedtoclauseconstituent)|Ioncehadaleatherjacketthatgotruinedintherain.|EmbeddingEmbedding Clause as part of group1.Thepeoplethatrunthestoresattheairporthavenoideawhatthingscostanywhereelse.(nominalgroup)2.YouneverseeanybodyonTVjustslidingoffthefrontofthesofawithpotatochipcrumbsallovertheirshirt.(nominalgroup)3.Justgoasfastasyoucan.(adverbialgroup)4.Theyreveryproudthattheyhaveafireplace.(nominal/adjectivalgroup)Clause as clause constituent(participant)1.Drivingtotheairportcanmakemenervous.2.IgaveherwhateverIhadthere.3.Helikestotraveltoexoticplaces.ExpansionThesecondaryclauseexpandstheprimaryclauseElaborating(i.e.)=restatinginotherwords,specifyingingreaterdetail,commenting,exemplifying1.Kings,emperorsandpharaohshadstorytellers;|thatwastheirentertainment.(12)2.Ihaveafriendwhosunemployed|hescollectingunemploymentinsurance.(12)3.Theydecidedtocanceltheshow,|whichupseteverybody.(ab)4.Theydecidedtocanceltheshow,|upsettingalotofpeople.(ab)1.PfaffsucceedsMartinBurke,|whoresigned.(ab)2.Heappearsasanindependentandself-reliantfigure,|whoseruggedindividualismneednotbepressedintothemoldofa9to5routine.(ab)OneoftheroughestwastheTVquizshows,|whichgavehiminferioritycomplexes.(ab)Hisinnervoice,whichshouldtellhimwhatnottodo,hasnotdeveloped.(a )Extending(and,or)adding some new element,giving an exception to it,offering an alternative addition(positive,negative,adversative),variation(replacive,subtractive)1.Maybethecometskilledthedinosaurs,|maybetheytrippedandfell.(12)2.Itsmybook|butyoucanreadit.(12)3.Icouldnotclingtomypast|nordidIwishto.(12)1.Vocationalcoursesshouldbeprovidedingrades11and12;|however,forslowlearnersandprospectivedropoutsthesecoursesoughttobeginearlier.(12)2.Somemediumsspeakinpractical,down-to-earthterms,|whileothersmaystressthespiritual.(ab)3.Iftheyarehere,|thensurelyIhavetherighttobehere.(ba)4.Weusedtogoawayattheweekend,|takingallourgearwithus.(ab)Enhancing(so,yet,then)qualifyingtheprimaryclausewithsomecircumstantialfeatureoftime,place,causeorcondition.mostlyadverbialclauses1.Argerwasneverabletoproduceit,|soIcuthimoffmypayroll.(12)2.WellworkforaboutanhouronSaturday,|thenwellworkMondayandTuesdayofnextweek,|thentaperoff.(123)3.Ileftmywife|becauseIrealizedthatIhadmadeanawfulmistake.(ab)1.Thoughmycarisquiteold,|itisstillinrunningorder.(ba)2.Agliderpilotisinhospitalwithafracturedrib|afterhisaircraftcrashedintoanelectricitypylon.(ab)3.Peoplealwaysrun|toseeafire.(ab)4.Keepinganervouseyeonthepassingtraffic|manywonderedoutloudwhichofthemwouldbenext.(ba)5.Ourchairmanbeingawayonholiday|thereislittlewecandoaboutitrightnow.(ba)Projection“The secondary clause is projected through the primary(projecting)clause reporting speech/ideas projected clauses represent propositions/proposals with a different sourceVerbal process:direct speech1.Shesaid|Ijustworkhere.12Verbal process:indirect speechShesaid|thatsheworkedthere.abMental process(cognition):direct/indirectMenthink:|ObviouslyIcanbetalkedintoanything.12Menthink|thattheycanobviouslybetalkedintoanything.abIdontwant|tobecomearefugeefortherestofmylife.(ab)Mental process(perception)Theyveheard|thathesagoodlecturer.(ab)2.Adamsaw|thatshehadstoppedagain.(ab)Embedded projection1.Myquestionisifyoucangofaster,whydontyougoasfastasyoucanallthetime?2.Ifthereweremoresuchcases,itwouldbeeasiertoanswerthequestionwhetherthepolicy-makersfavortheirownsocialclasses.3.Itisdifficulttounderstandwhyyoucantgofaster.4.Thatyoudislikeherisobvioustoeveryoneinthedepartment.Itisobviousthatyoudislikeher.Thatyoudislikeherisobvious.Projections ideas vs.facts1.MarkAnthonythought|thatCaesarwasdead.(thought-cognition-projecting)2.MarkAnthonyregrettedthatCaesarwasdead.(regretted-affection-notprojecting)3.Itstrikesme|thatthereisno-onehere.(mentalprocess-cognition)4.Itworriesmethatthereisno-onehere.(mentalprocess-affection)1.Sheunderstoodthatthehouseneededrestoration.2.Shesawthatthehouseneededrestoration.Text analysis|Letsfaceit,|thehumanbodyislikeacondominiumapartment.|Thethingthatkeepsyoufromreallyenjoyingitisthemaintenance.|Theresatremendousamountofdaily,weekly,monthly,andyearlyworkthathastobedone.|Fromshoweringtoopenheartsurgery,werealwaysdoingsomethingtoourselves.|Ifyourbodywasausedcar,|youwouldntbuyit.|Youdgo,|Nah,Iveheardaboutthesehumanbeingbodies.|ThisisoneofthoseEarthmodels,right?|Yeah,acousinofminehadone.|Toomuchworktokeepthemgoing.|Thenewonesarenicelooking,though.|Clause as constituentThematic equativeWhattheEnglishdidwastointroduceteaasapartoftheirdailylives.Thematized commentItsnicetositdownwithaquietcupoftea.Predicated ThemeItwastheEnglishwhofirstintroducedteaasapartoftheirdailylives.Enhancement circumstantial adjunct?Wemadeourselvesacupofteaafterdinner.Wemadeourselvesacupofteaafterhavingdinner.Wemadeourselvesacupofteaafterwehadhaddinner.ExerciseIdentifyclausecomplexesandthewaysinwhichtheclauseshavebeencombined.1.Ofcourseeveryonewantstobehealthy.2.Theamusingthingisnoonesreallysurehowtodoit.3.Ilovetoexercise,butIstillhavetolaughatit.4.Yougotothehealthclub,youseeallthesepeopleandtheyreworkingout;theyretraining,theyregettinginshape.1.Butnobodysreallygettinginshapeforanything.2.Inmodernsociety,youdonthavetobephysicallystrongtodoanything.3.Theonlyreasonthatyouregettinginshapeissoyoucangetthroughtheworkout.4.Sowereworkingout,sothatwellbeinshape,forwhenwehavetodoourexercises.5.Thatscomedy.paratactichypotacticExpansion elaborationJohn didnt wait;he ran away.John ran away,which surprised everyoneextensionJohn ran away,and Fred stayed behind.John ran away,whereas Fred stayed behind.enhancement John was scared,so he ran away.John ran away because he was scared.Projection locutionJohn said:Im running away.John said he was running away.ideaJohn thought to himself:Ill run away.John thought he would run away.EndofLecture4